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Posted by Anku Mandal 2 years, 11 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 11 months ago
- In olden times, the best way to present an idea was through symbolic personifications. This was the most common and appealing way to invite people's attention.
- From 1789, females appeared in paintings as a symbol of liberty and revolution. Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often made efforts to represent a country as if it were a person. The female figures were chosen to express an abstract idea of a nation. These female figures, thus, became an allegory of the nation.
- During the French Revolution, many symbolic personifications of 'Liberty' and 'Reason' appeared. In France, the female figure was christened Marianne, which was characterized by Liberty and the Republic - the red cap. the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne stood in public squares to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
- Statues of Marianne were erected in public places to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
- Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps,
- Similarly, Germania became the symbol of the German nation. This work was done by the artist Philip Veit. He depicted Germania as a female figure standing against a background where beams of sunlight shone through the tricolour fabric of the national flag. In visual representations, Germania wore the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism. Germania became the allegory of the German nation.
- During the French Revolution, artists used the formal allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.
Posted by Anku Mandal 2 years, 11 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 11 months ago
Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
- Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
- The cultural movement of Romanticism aimed at developing a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings and criticized the glorification of reason and science.
- Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the Das Volk. The true spirit of a nation was popularised through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
- The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore were used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates.
Posted by Anku Mandal 2 years, 11 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 11 months ago
Economic conditions that were viewed as obstacles in nineteenth-century Europe are as follows:
- The absence of freedom of markets. State-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
- Napoleon's administration had created a different currency. weights, and measure for each of the 39 states in the confederation. Conversion of weights and measures for each region created time-consuming calculations and complications.
- There were 11 custom barriers and 5% customs duty at each for carrying goods from one place to another.
- The first half of the 19th century had low explosive population growth. Job-seekers were more and employment opportunities were less.
- Small producers faced stiff competition from the import of cheap machine-made goods. Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.
Posted by Anku Mandal 2 years, 11 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 11 months ago
- At the very beginning, the artisans, businessmen and peasants enjoyed the newly-found freedom.
- They welcomed the standardised weights and measures, uniform laws and a common currency for the entire nation as they realised that these would be more helpful in trade and in facilitating the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one area to another.
- An outweighing of the advantages of administrative changes were witnessed in the Increase in taxes, censorship and forced conscription in French armies.
Posted by Aditi Dosi 2 years, 10 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 10 months ago
Scalability: You can scale out in a nearly unlimited way. MPP databases can add additional nodes to the architecture to store and process larger data volumes. Cost-efficiency: You don't necessarily have to buy the fastest or most expensive hardware to accommodate tasks.
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In general, we think that democracy can address all socio-economic and political problems but always our expectations are not met in democracy. Sometimes, it may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. However, there is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy because:
- Democracy is the best form of government.
- Democracy is a people’s own government where rulers are elected by the people.
- People wish to be ruled by the representatives elected by them. They also believe that only a democratic form of government is suitable for their country.
Posted by Dauhi Shadap 2 years, 10 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 10 months ago
Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make power more effective and strong.
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Posted by Sangeeta Malviya 2 years, 10 months ago
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Though the basic structure of the PRIs is identical across the states of India, it is described via different nomenclatures in different states. Panchayats in every state has its own characteristics and even election procedures to these institutions are at variance.
A District Panchayat or Zilla Parishad is co terminus with the district. Each district has one Zilla Parishad.
Similarly Block Panchayats or Panchayat Samitis are co terminus with blocks of the said district.
A Block may have several villages within it, but Gram Panchayats are not necessarily co terminus with each village. Depending on the size of population (as a matter of fact, number of voters) a Gram is defined under the law with a specific geographical area, which may consist of a single village or a cluster of adjoining villages.
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Posted by Rashi Choure 2 years, 10 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 10 months ago
Reasons for the Nationalist upsurge in the 19th century Europe are as follows:
- The absolute rulers oppressed the people.
- The well-known philosophers and leaders spread liberal ideas and visions.
- The French Revolution provided the inspiration to the people to fight for freedom.
- The slogan 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity' became the clarion call for the common people of Europe.
- The French army and its soldiers began to carry the ideas of nationalism abroad with the outbreak of revolutionary wars.
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Omya Aryan 3 years ago
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