Till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up and oldIndia and the Contemporary World ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian Market.

1) Overlapping social differences or social divisions - These social differences are said to happen when a community sees itself as better than the other communities, or they enjoy some special priveledges and statuses in the society. The more powerful and majority community tries to supress the weaker and minority community. These differences are also known as social divisions. Take the example of USA. The blacks in USA tend to be poor, suppressed and discriminated. The whites tend to be more powerful and rich.
2) Cross cutting social differences or simply social differences - These social differences are said to happen when two or more communities exists in a society, but they do not see themselves as the better one. The communities tend to live in peace, and the differences do not affect the relations between the comunities. Take the example of Northern Ireland and the Netherlands. The population of both the countries have 2 major communities - the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. While the Catholics are weaker and poorer in Northern Ireland, in Netherlands both the communities are equal. This has led to social conflicts in Norther Ireland, but peace in the Netherlands. Here the example of Northern Ireland is that of social division, and that of the Netherlands is of cross cutting social difference.

In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist- such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire- women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. monarchy with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles-a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of formation or joining union or association.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in, political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. This fact was evident from Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul where women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors gallery.

The growing of different crops on alternate strips of ground that usually follow the contour of the land, a recourse to minimize erosion. Expand. Also called strip farming, strip planting.
 

(i)  Many historical novels were about Marathas and the Rajputs which produced a sense of a pan—Indian belonging in Bengal. They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice—qualities that could not be found in (he offices and streets of the 19th Century world. The novel allowed the colonized to give a shape to their desires.
(ii)  Bankim’s Anandmath is a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fight Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.
(iii)  Shivaji, the hero of the novel Anguriya Binimoy (1857) written by Budhadeb Mukhopadhyaya’s (1827-94) engages in many battles against clever and treacherous Aurangzeb, what gives him courage and grit is his belief that he is a nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus.
(iv)  Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novel helped in popularising the sense of belonging to a common nation. It was another way to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen as belonging to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for instance, are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.

The exchange of goods among people, states & countries is referred to as trade. Imports and exports are two components of trade. 

(i) The rural local government is known as the Panchayati Raj.
Importance:
(ii) The highest institution of the Panchayati Raj in rural areas is the Zila Parishad.
(iii) The Zila Parishad coordinates the activities of all the Block Samitis in the whole district. Most members of the Zila Parishad are elected.
(iv) Members of the Lok Sabha and the MLAs of that district along with some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members.
(v) The Zila Parishad’s Chairperson is the political head of the Zila Parishad.

Natural resources are the resources which occur in nature and can exist without actions of human kind.

Example- soil, water, coal, petroleum, natural gas, forests etc.
Soil, water, air and other some natural resources are cycled over and over again in nature but resources like coal, petroleum, wildlife etc. are limited so should be used in limit.

• Manufacturers display the required information on the goods or medicines we purchase, because consumers have the right to be informed.
• Consumers can then complain and ask for compensation or replacement, if the product proves to be defective in any manner.
• For example, if we buy a product and find it defective well within the expiry period, we can ask for a replacement. If the expiry period is not printed, the manufacturer would blame the shopkeeper and will not accept the responsibility.
• One can protest and complain if someone sells a goods at more than the printed price on the packet. This is indicated by the Maximum Retail Price (MRP). In fact, customers can bargain with the seller to sell at less than the MRP.
• On October 2005, the government of India enacted a law known as RTI or the Right to Information Act, which ensures its citizens all the information about the functions of government departments.

Power sharing is desirable for various concrete reasons. Two sets of reasons have been listed out :-

Prudential Reason • According to prudential reason power sharing accommodates social diversity hence, helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Power sharing in another way ensures the political stability through competition among various political parties.
• Besides, power sharing is also desirable to the promotion of national unity and integrity.

Moral Reason • Moral Reason is a very deeper reason of power sharing.
• According to moral reason power sharing is desirable to produce an accountable, responsible and legitimate government.
• It implies maximum popular participation through decentralisation of powers so that people would be consulted on how they are to be governed.

(i) This was an anti French Movement launched in 1887.
(ii) The main aim of the movement was loyalty to the monarchy and hatred for the French.
(iii) The movement was led by officials at the imperial court.
(iv) The movement was very intense in Ngu An and Ha tien province.
(v) More than 1,000 Catholics were killed by the rebels.
(vi) Though movement was crushed by the French but it served to inspire people to rise up against the French.

The French citizens living in Vietnam called Colons felt that educated Vietnamese could replace them as teachers, shopkeepers and policemen. The elite Vietnamese were very influenced by the Chinese culture. The traditional education system of Vietnam was dismantled and a new French education system was introduced.
 The school textbooks glorified and justified the French colonial rule and portrayed Vietnamese people as primitive, and incapable of intellectual work. The Tonkin Free School, started in 1907 was to provide western education and ideas. The domination of French culture faced opposition and resistance in Vietnam.
 As the number of Vietnamese teachers in lower classes increased, they began to question the text books. In 1926, a major protest took place in the Saigon Native Girl school.
 Students came in conflict with the French as well as the elite. By the 1920s students formed various political parties such as the Party of Young Annan and published nationalist journals like the Annanese Student opposing the French domination.