Bretton Woods Agreement. United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA in July 1944. In this conference an agreement was signed, where the members decided to decide on a framework to create an economic system for preserving economic stability and full employment.

Public facilities are the essential facilities for the community at large and are provided by the government.
Important :
They are important because there are many services like education, health, transportation etc., which have become cheap and affordable if provided, collectively.
Public facilities : Rail transport and - government schools.

Rowlatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced by the British government in 1919. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. (2) Indians disapproved this Act in the following ways :
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops and offices were closed down.
(ii) A peaceful protest meeting was organised at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
(iii) Gandhiji started a hartal against this unjust law on 6th April, 1919.
(iv) Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif-ud-din Kitchlew were arrested.
(v) Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred against the arrest of these leaders.

a. Congress and many great leaders tried to bring various sections of Indian society together to fight against the colonial regime.
b. We may give example of Mahatma Gandhi who emerged as a mass leader  and through his efforts he did try to forge unity among varied sections of Indian society.
c. The year 1919 marked the entry of Mahatma Gandhi in the freedom struggle that changed the course of national movement spreading to new areas, incorporating new social groups and developing new nodes of struggle. He was great thinker, nationalist and a reformer who laid out new methods of agitation.
d.  Gandhi infused new energy in the nationalist struggle  and changed the course of nationalist movement. He converted nationalist movement into a mass movement, people found new ways of venting their voice and dissent.

The term ' liberalism ' derives fom the latin root liber, meaning free.Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law
Political: Liberals demanded for constitutionalism with national unification They demanded for the creation of a nation sate on parliamentary principles, a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association Women formed their political organisations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations

 In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.   

Height of students in a class with a large number of students, income of people of a state, forest cover in a country, etc. are some examples where averages are used for comparing situations.

Economic development means that the rate of production must be faster than the rate of increase in population. In other words, it is a process which makes people in general, better off by increasing their command over goods and services and by increasing the choices open to them.
Two bases of measuring economic development of a country are -
National Income and Per Capita Income.

The ‘foundational challenge’ is applied to the non-democratic countries of the world.
It implies
(i) making transition to democracy.
(ii) non-democratic regime to democratic regime.
(iii)control of government from military to the elected leaders.
(iv)establishing a sovereign and functional state.

The process of unification of Germany:
1. The middle-class Germans had tried to fight for a united nation governed by an elected parliament in 1848 but were repressed by the monarchy and military.
2. Otto von Bismarck, chief minister of Prussian led the movement for unification of Germany. He was supported by the bureaucracy and the Prussian army.
3. After three wars with Austria, Denmark, and France, Prussia won and unified Germany. The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German emperor in January 1871.

Khadins is a water reaping techniques utilized as a part of Rajasthan. In this strategy pits are digged, so rain water can be saved in it.

A johadis a water stockpiling tank essentially utilized as a part of the territory of Harayana and Rajasthan, India, that gathers and stores water consistently, to be utilized to drink by people and dairy cattle.

In the arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to sand and moisten the soil, these water storage structures are known as Khadins in Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.

In hilly regions, people built diversion channels known as guls or kuls of the western Himalayas for agriculture. It is a traditional irrigation system in Hmachal Pardesh, where the water is released when required.

Social differences simply refer to born or biological and socially created inequalities in the society. This mainly based on race, caste, religion, language, culture etc.

(1) When some social differences overlap with other differences. For example the difference between black and white becomes a social division in the US because the Blacks tend to be poor.

(2) If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pick one group of people against other. It means that group sharing a common interest on one issues are likely to be on different side on different issues. For example both Northern Ireland and the Netherland are predominantly Christian but are divided into Catholic and Protestant.

(3) The overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social division and tensions while cross cutting differences are easier to accommodate.

Federalism is a form of  government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the  country.

KEY FEATURES : 

1 There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

2 Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

3 The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. 

4 The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

5 Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. 

6 Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

7 The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the sametime accommodate regional diversity.

Nationalist teneion emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism.
The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.
In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.
The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence.