भारत सरकार ने 25 दिसंबर 2000 को प्रधानमंत्री ग्राम सड़क योजना की शुरुआत की थी। इस योजना का प्रमुख उद्देश्‍य ग्रामीण इलाकों में 500 या इससे अधिक आबादी वाले (पहाड़ी और रेगिस्‍तानी क्षेत्रों में 250 लोगों की आबादी वाले गांव) सड़क-संपर्क से वंचित गांवों को बारहमासी सड़कों से जोड़ना है।

लोकतंत्र(लोकतन्त्र) (शाब्दिक अर्थ "लोगों का शासन", संस्कृत में लोक, "जनता" तथा तंत्र, "शासन",) या प्रजातंत्र(प्रजातन्त्र) एक ऐसी शासन व्यवस्था और लोकतांत्रिक (लोकतान्त्रिक) राज्य दोनों के लिये प्रयुक्त होता है। यद्यपि लोकतंत्र(लोकतन्त्र) शब्द का प्रयोग राजनीतिक सन्दर्भ(संदर्भ) में किया जाता है, किन्तु(किंतु) (लोकतंत्र) का सिद्धान्त(सिद्धांत) दूसरे समूहों और सङ्गठनों(संगठनों) के लिये भी सङ्गत(संगत) है। मूलतः लोकतन्त्र(लोकतंत्र) भिन्न-भिन्न सिद्धान्तों(सिद्धांतों) के मिश्रण बनाती हैै। लोकतन्त्र(लोकतंत्र) एक ऐसी शासन प्रणाली है, जिसके अन्तर्गत(अंतर्गत) जनता अपनी स्वेच्छा से चुनाव में आए हुए किसी भी दल को मत देकर अपना प्रतिनिधि चुन सकती है, तथा उसकी सत्ता बना सकती है। लोकतन्त्र(लोकतंत्र) दो शब्दों से मिलकर बना है ,लोक + तन्त्र(तंत्र) लोक का अर्थ है जनता तथा तन्त्र(तंत्र) का अर्थ है शासन

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that:

1. Established traditional institution of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchy, property and family should be preserved.
2. Most conservatives believed that they should not return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
3. They believed that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy. It could make the state power more effective and strong.

Yes, definitely democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government because of the following reasons

1. It promotes equality among citizens: All citizens of the country are equal before the law. All individuals have equal rights and weight in electing representatives.
2. Enhances the dignity of the individuals' Democracy: It enhances the dignity and freedom of the individuals by giving them equal treatment and respect to women, disadvantaged add discriminated castes in our society.
3. Improves the quality of decision-making: As there are an open debate and discussion on major issues in democracy thus, the quality of decisions is improved.
4. It provides a method to resolve conflicts: Democracy reduces the possibility of social tension and leads to a peaceful social life. It allows room to correct mistakes.
5. Allows to correct its own mistakes: Democracy allows room for corrections in decisions as they are taken commonly.

Mostly petroleum is used as a source of energy, being rich in fuel carbon in electricity generation or running some kinds of heat engines. Raw petroleum (also known as crude oil) is used in three main ways: transport, generating electricity, and producing materials.

Charles Dickens wrote the first serialised novel 'Pickwick Papers'. This was published by Chapman and Hall. He wrote about the terrible effects of industrialization on People's lives. Hence, the publication of this novel became a notable event of 1836.

Competition among producers of various countries as well as buyers prevails. Thus foreign trade leads to integration of markets across countries

Before 1750, Indian merchants were involved in a network of export trade. Silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Surat and Gujarat Coast connected India to Gulf and Red Sea ports. Masaulipatam on the Coromondal Coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports. Indian merchants managed financial production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried supplires to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought good from the supply merchants operating inland.

The contribution of industries to the national economy has not been satisfactory for the last two decades. It has stagnated at 17 percent of GDP out of a total of 27 percent for the industries which include 10 percent of mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.

Democracy means rule by the representatives elected by the people. The government is formed by the people, for the people and of the people. Through their elected representatives, every citizen takes part in the decision making the process. All the policies, of the government, are debated in Parliament before taking final decisions. This takes a lot of time and leads to delays in decision-making.  Although democratic government is expected to be attentive to the needs of the people and less corrupt, in actual practice, it does not happen. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demand for a major portion of the population then work on party lines. Democracy is also not free of corruption as most of the politician are indulged in money-making. Thus, democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt not good in practice.

The various challenges faced by political parties are:

• Lack of Internal democracy: Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in decision making process. Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members. 
• Dynastic Succession: The biggest challenge within the political party is the issues of dynastic succession. These parties do not have transparent functioning and always try to give an unfair advantage to their family members. Hence, a political party remains under the control of one family. 
• Money and Muscle Power: Money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings and speeches to publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money. 
• Meaningful choice to others: Most of the political parties have the same fundamental and ideological issues. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. 

The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them. By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were translations of older works. By the end of the 18th century, newspapers began to appear in various Indian languages.

Being a centrist party, its policies predominantly reflected balanced positions including secularism, egalitarianism, and social stratification. The INC supports contemporary economic reforms such as liberalisation, globalisation, and strategic disinvestment.

• Sacred groves are the forests patches around the places of worship.
• Role in conservation:
  Sacred groves are held in high esteem by tribal communities as it forms part of their religious beliefs. Hence they do not allow cutting of even a single branch of a tree. This helps in the conservation of many endemic species (rare species) flourishing in that area.They are found in several parts of India e.g. Rajasthan (Aravalli hills), Madhya Pradesh (Sarjuja, Bastar), Meghalaya and Maharashtra. Several rare species of plants have been preserved over the generations in these areas

Flora: It is the term used to denote plants of a particular region or period.
Fauna: The species of animals found in a particular region is reflected as fauna.