Satyagraha  is a method of agitation and protest based on truth and non-violence. It was first introduced by Mahatma Gandhiji’s National Movement. The method was passive resistance, consisting of defiance of laws, non payment of taxes, boycott of government institutions, etc.

Jobbers were usually employed by the industrialists to recruit the right people for work from villages out of the various job seekers. A jobber often demanded money or gifts for his favour (that is for finding a job for someone).
The main functions of a Jobber were :
(i)Getting people from villages.
(ii)Ensuring them jobs.
(iii)Helping them to settle in the city and to provide them money in times of crisis.

1. Champaran Movement (1917) : The Champaran rebellion in Bihar was the first active involvement of Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle. When Gandhi returned to India in 1915, the country was reeling under the tyrannous colonial rule. The British forced the farmers to grow indigo and other cash crops on their fertile land, and then sell these crops to them at a much cheaper price. The situation became more gruesome for the farmers due to harsh weather conditions and levy of heavy taxes pushing them towards abject poverty. Having heard of the situation of farmers at Champaran, Gandhi immediately paid a visit to this district in April 1917. He adopted the approach of civil disobedience movement and launched demonstrations and strikes against the landlords bringing them down on their very knees. As a result, they signed an agreement in which they granted control and compensations to the farmers, and canceled the hikes in revenue and collection. The success of this movement earned Gandhi the status of Mahatma.

2. Kheda Movement (1918)  Kheda movement was the consequence of the financial atrocities afflicted by the British landlords on the farmers of the Kheda village in Gujarat. The village was massively affected by the floods and famine in 1918 which resulted in the destruction of the crop yields. The farmers requested the British government to exempt them from the payment of taxes but the authorities refused. Under the leadership of Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, the farmers launched a crusade against the government and pledged for the non-payment of taxes. As a result, the government threatened the peasants with the seizure of their land but they remain undeterred. After five months of persistent struggle, in May 1918, the British government let go of the payment of taxes by the farmers until the deluge got over and also returned the seized properties of the farmers.

India a federal country because of the following reasons:

• There are levels of governments—Central Government, State Government and Local Government.
• Each level of government administers over the same region, but they have their own jurisdiction in matters of administration, taxation and legislation.
• The Government at each level derives its power from the Constitution of the country. Thus, the Central Government cannot easily dilute the powers of the State or Local Governments.
• The basic principles of the Constitution and the rights given to the people cannot be changed by only one tier of the Government. It requires the consent of governments at both levels.
• Both levels of the Government can collect taxes from the people according to the guidelines of the Constitution of the country.
• The Indian Constitution contains three lists which contain subjects in which the Union and the State Governments may form laws. Only central government can make laws in the Union List and state government in the state list. Subjects related to the interests of both Central and State Governments are included in the concurrent list.

Structure of rural local government: Rural local government is called the Panchayati Raj, wherein each village or a group of villages have a gram panchayat. This is a council that has several ward members called panch, including a president called sarpanch. They are elected directly by the adult population of their specific village.

Structure of urban local government: Urban local government is called a Municipality, which operates in towns and Municipal corporation operates in big cities. A Municipal chairperson is teh head of municipality and a mayor is the head of municipal corporation.

When power is taken away from the Central and State governments, and given to the Local governments, it is called decentralisation.
(i) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have a better knowledge of problems in their localities. They also have better ideas on where to spend money, and how to manage things more efficiently.
(ii) At the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision, making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Basically the local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely the Local Self-Government.

A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group, believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.

One reason could be that France claimed that they were bringing modern civilization to the Vietnamese They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization. So, for developing more educated, cultured and civilized citizens, French people thought to colonize Vietnamese.

Globalisation is the rapid integration or interconnection between countries mostly on the economic plane. In other words Globalisation means integrating our economy with the world economy. So Globalisationis the interconnection between countries.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India:
(i)In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.
(ii)During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
(iii)Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.
(iv)In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
(v)In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.                           

The US initially supported the campaign by the French in Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism after the end of Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War. However, after the retreat of the French and the division of Vietnam, the Bao Dai regime took power in the South Vietnam. It was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem who was a reactionary and authoritarian ruler. The opposition united under the banner of the National Liberation Front and received support from the Ho Chi Minh government in the north. This alliance led the US to fear a communist resurgence in a united Vietnam. This eventually sparked American intervention in the Vietnam War.

The Balance of Trade of a country is the difference between its export and import.
In following situations, it is favourable and unfavourable
(i) When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade.
(ii) On the contrary, if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade.

Some of the main reasons behind the prosperity of a country are:-
1) Good economic development
2) Good development
3) Good revenue

AGMARK: ‘AG’ is for agriculture and ‘Mark’ is for certification mark.
Agmark certifies the quality of Food Products.

Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs.
The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialisation of the world in the past century. It is felt
that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability
promotes a rational use of natural resources.
The earth has enough non-renewable resources to meet our present and future needs for development if we use them in
an economic manner. But, if we use them recklessly in the greed of rapid economic development, our world may become
a vast waste land.

boycott definition: to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval.

For Example: Indian boycott foreign cloth that means Indians refused to use foreign cloth.

Sustainable development is the key to the stable growth of economy.  It will not only lead to the development of the present economy but will also lead to its development in the future. It means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital that, if exhausted, cannot be replaced. It requires preservation of human capital, physical capital and natural capital. 

Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislationpassed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial. ORRowlatt Act 1919 authorised the Government: To arrest and imprison any person without trial in a court of law. To demand security from any person, impose restriction on residence, curb freedom of activities, to search house and arrest any person, at any place.