RTI is the Right to Information Act 2005 which mandates timely response to citizen requests for information about the functioning of the government or various public authorities under the government of India as well as the State Governments.

1) Candidates are put forward by parties to contest in elections. These candidates may be chosen by the members of the party or by the leaders of the party.
2) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
3) Parties play an important role in making laws for a country. Laws are usually debated and passed in the legislature.
4) Parties form and run governments. They recruit leaders and train them to be ministers and run the government in the way they want it.
5) Parties that lose the election form the opposition. The opposition voices different views and criticize the failures of the government.
6) Parties shape public opinion. They have lakhs of members all over the country, and they play a great role in influencing the way people think.
7) Parties provide the common man access to government machinery and welfare schemes. It is easier for a person to meet a local party leader than a government official.

Port of Faifo: The port of Faifo was founded by Portuguese merchants. It was one of the ports used by European trading companies much before the nineteenth century.

The Human Development Index HDI is defined as the composite statistics used to rank countries by levels of human development. The HDI is a measure of health, education and income. It measures the average achievements in a country in these three basic dimensions of human development, calculated into an index.

Arid soil is widely found in Western Rajasthan.
(i) The soil ranges red to brown in colour.
(ii) The soils contain considerable amount of soluble salts.
(iii) The soils contain a low percentage of organic matter due to dry climate and absence of vegetation.
(iv) The soil is alkaline in nature as there is no rainfall to wash soluble salts.
(v) The lower horizon of the soil is occupied by ‘kankar’ because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The ‘kankar’ layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
(vi) The soils are infertile but with irrigation and fertilizers, the drought resistant and salt tolerant dry crops such as barley, cotton, wheat, millets, maize, pulses, etc., are grown.

Following are three features of federalism:

1. In a federal structure of government, there are two or more levels or tiers of government.
2. The different tires of the government govern the same citizens. However, each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The Constitution of the country specifies the respective jurisdictions of the different tiers of government. Therefore, the existence and authority of each tier gets constitutionally guaranteed.

Prudential reasons: power sharing avoids social conflicts.social conflicts lead to violence and political instability.so by adopting power sharing we can avoid political instability.in india reservations are done to sc and st communities so that they feel that they are part of the nation.
Moral reasons : power sharing is the spirit of democracy.a true democratic governance include the wish of the people. people can form associations to critize the govt. policies which makes govt. to rethink about its policies this active paticipation is only possible because of moral reasons of power sharing

The "Non Cooperation Movement" in 1920's included surrender of titles, resignation from nominated seats in local government bodies, boycott of government educational institutions, law courts and foreign goods. Swadeshi also was included later.
There was mass boycott of foreign goods but no intention of looting shops and factories. Violence did erupt at a few places, but the movement was largely peaceful.
Many leaders renounced their titles and left their government jobs.
The movement also aspired to spread the use of the charkha, enrol people as primary members of the Congress and raise money for the Tilak-Swaraj fund. 
'The Civil Disobedience was organized against repressive laws. Gandhi, supported by Congress had started the agitation for reduction in land revenue, abolition of salt tax, cutting down military expenditure and levying duty on foreign cloth etc.
Breaking of the law was the main agenda of the movement.
Picketing of liquor shops, burning of foreign goods, etc. were common.
A more violent movement than Non Cooperation Movement.
Example attack on Dharsana salt factory .
The 11 point agenda proposed by Gandhi to Irwin demanded general relaxations and relaxations for farmers and industrialists.
Active participation by the capitalists but they were also responsible for the gradual roll-back of the movement. 

Exploitation in the marketplace happens in various ways. Some examples are
(i) When traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as when shopkeepers weigh or measure less than what they should. This is usually in materials sold loose like rice, flour, milk, etc.
(ii) When traders add charges that were not mentioned before, like handling charges, packing charges, etc.
(iii) When adulterated/defective goods or expired medicines are sold.

The Indian railways faces the following problems:

• Many passengers travel without tickets.
• Thefts and damage of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
• People stop the trains and pull the chain unnecessarily. This causes heavy damage to the railways.

Communalism : It means attempts to promote religious ideas between groups of people which are identified as different communities. Communalism can take various forms in politics :

(i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotype of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
(ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
(iv) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Caste is the sole basis of social community. It can take various forms in politics.
(i) Selection of Candidates in Politics: When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
(ii) Political Parties as the Representatives of Caste : Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiments to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives, e.g., BSP in India.
(iii) Caste influences Universal Adult Franchise : Universal adult franchise and the principle of one- person one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
(iv) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
(v) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like “backward” and “forward caste groups.”
(vi) Thus, the focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that elections are all about caste and nothing etc.
But, in spite of these forms of caste in politics, people’s assessment of the performance of the government and the popularity rating of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.

Conventional   sources of energy are also known as non-renewable sources of energy and are available in limited quantity apart from hydro-electric power. Further it can be classified under commercial and non-commercial energy.
Generally, the energy sources that are freely available are considered as the non-commercial energy sources. The examples of non-commercial energy sources are, Straw, dried dung, firewood. These non-conventional sources are also known as renewable sources of energy. The examples include solar energy, bioenergy, tidal energy and wind energy. 

•  Mica is made up of a series of thin plates or leaves.
• Mica has insulating properties and has the quality to withstand high voltage and temperature. Hence it is used in electrical and electronic industries.
• It is clear , black, green, red, yellow or brown.
   

(i) First of all the war created a new economic and political situation.

(ii) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes; custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.

(iii) Through the war years prices increased-doubled between 1913 and 1918-leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

(iv) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(v) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.  

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

These are the differences in the ideas of Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu trinh:-
PHAN BOI CHAU:-
1. He advocated that first the foreign enemy should be driven out and after achieving independence, other things should be discussed.
2. He was of the opinion that the monarchy should be used to achieve their object.
3. He was not in favour of raising people to abolish the monarchy.
PHAN CHU TRINH:-
1. He wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for promotion of popular rights.
2. He was absolutely against the monarchy.
3. He planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy.

Nation : A nation is an entity which is formed, when people from a distinct community, culture, History, tradition or ethnicity concentrated in a geographic region come together and form a Nation.

Eg : In that sense, almost every state/province in India, qualify as a Nation. (But constitutionally, none of them have a right to cessation from the Indian Union)

Country : A country is simply another word for State. The United States can be referred to as either a 'country' or a 'State.' People use the terms interchangeably. However, in political science, and especially in the area of international relations, the term 'State' is used as it is more precise and less ambiguous, as 'country' (village) can refer to other things, such as a rural environment.

(i) Supply of raw materials : Colonies were considered essential to supply of natural resources and other essential goods.
(ii) To civilize the uncivilized people : Most of the European countries were of the opinion that the Afro-Asian people were uncivilized, and thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to these backward people.