The amendment made by Belgium to solve the problem of majority:

Dutch and French speaking ministers are equal in the central government.

Some of the Powers of the central government have been given to state governmentt.
The state governments  are not subordinate to the central government.

Brussels has a separate government where both the communities have equal representation.

There is another government  called community government  elected by the people belonging to Dutch, French and German.

The steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to establish Sinhalas’ supremacy cannot be justified.

• These steps ignored the interests of a minority community. Even the basic rights were not given to them.
•  Discrimination based on religion and language further deprived other communities in Sri Lanka.
•  Repeated denial of the demands further developed distrust and ignited the situation that resulted in a civil war causing terrible setback to Sri Lankan social, cultural and economic life.

In 1956, an act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

University positions and government jobs, favoured Sinhala applicants.

A new constitution was stipulated to protect and spread Buddhism.

After the four amendments in the constitution the Belgium leaders worked (out a very different and innovative power sharing arrangement known as Belgium model.
The main features of Belgium model are:
(i)  Equal distribution of seats— According to the new arrangement, Dutch and French speaking ministers have been given equal status in the central government. No single majority can make decision unilaterally.
(ii)  Concept of Federal Government— Besides, state governments for the two regions have been given maximum powers and the state governments are not treated as the subordinate to the central government.
(iii)  Equal Representation in Brussels— In the new arrangement, Brussels, the capital city of Belgium, equal representation given to both the French and Dutch speaking people.
(iv) Community Government. The Belgium model introduced a new concept of third kind of government, i.e., the ‘Community Government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community.
(v) This arrangement ensures the promotion and protection of cultural and linguistic diversity.

France, identified by the revolutionary tricolor has just reached the statue.

• Srilankan government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy.in 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus diregarding Tamil.
• A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
• Srilankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties by the Buddhist sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.
• The relations between the Sinhala Nd Tamil communities strained overtime and soon it turned into a civil war.

Factors of production are the resources that help to produce goods and services.
For example, Land, Labour, Market, Capital are the main factors of production.
1. Land is the naturally occurring materials of the planet that are used for the production of goods and services, including the land itself; the minerals and nutrients in the ground; the water, wildlife, and vegetation on the surface; and the air above.
2. Labor is the mental and physical efforts of humans (excluding entrepreneurial organization) used for the production of goods and services. Labor includes both the physical effort of factory workers and farmhands often associated with labor, as well as the mental effort of executives and supervisors.
3. Entrepreneurship is the special sort of human effort that takes on the risk of bringing labor, capital, and land together to produce goods. Entrepreneurship is the factor that organizes the other three. Without someone to organize production, the other three factors do NOT produce. A key component of entrepreneurship is risk.
4. Capital is the manufactured, artificial, or synthetic goods used in the production of other goods, including machinery, equipment, tools, buildings, and vehicles.

Geographical Factors

Topography: People prefer living on plains rather than plateaus and mountains since these areas are suitable for agriculture, manufacturing and also service activities. The Ganga Plains are one of the most densely populated areas of the world whereas mountains like Alps, Andes and the Himalayas are thinly populated.

Climate: People generally stay away from extreme climates (very cold or very hot) like the Sahara desert, the Russian polar regions, Canada and Antarctica.

Soil: Fertile soils offer optimal land for farming. Fertile plains like Brahmaputra and Ganga and in India, the Nile in Egypt, Hwang-He and Chang Jiang in China are highly populated.

Water: People prefer to live in those places where fresh water is easily available. So, the river valleys are densely populated and the deserts have less population.

Minerals: Places with deposits of mineral are naturally more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the Middle East led to people settling down in these areas. In India, the areas of the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and nearby areas of Odisha see a high population distribution because of the presence of huge mineral deposits.

Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside
 1. Peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against the landlords and talukdars. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was also set up.
 2. They protested against high rents, begar, and oppressive landlords. In other areas it was different.
3. In Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread under the leadership of Raju. They protested against unfair forest laws.

• Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.
• Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man.
• On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.

(1) Ernest Renan : Ernest Renan was a French philosopher who had outlined his understanding of what makes a nation in a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in 1882. The lecture was subsequently published as a famous essay entitled ‘Quest-ce qu’une nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’)
(2) Frederic Sorrieu : Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics. He had prepared his print in 1848.

Liberalism meant different things to different people.

Political liberalism:

• It stood for equality before the law.
• Revolutionary France marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.
• Men without property, and all women were excluded from political rights.
• Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

Economic liberalism:

• It stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Customs Union or ‘zollverein’ was formed in Prussia, joined by most oLthe German states.
• The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.

• Himmalyas are the most widespread relief feature of India .
• Himmalyas is the Mountain range in Asia. The highest peak of the Himmalyas is Mount Everest.
• Himalayas is the sixth-longest mountain chain on Earth by Area.
• Himmalyas extend the area in India from North Jammu Kashmir to south Jammu Kashmir

Reasons for launching the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. It was to look into the functions of the constitutional system in India. Since it had no Indian member in it, it was boycotted by all political parties in the country.
• Later, in 1929, the Congress under the leadership of Nehru declared 'Poorna Swaraj' as its main aim. The nationalist fervour began to rise in the country.
• As nationalist feelings began to emerge, Gandhi sent a letter containing eleven demands to Lord Irwin in 1930 asking him to accept it. When he refused, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movment.

Community government is a elected body by the people belonging to one language, one culture or any other property no matter where they live. Community government is a elected body by the people belonging to one language, one culture or any other property no matter where they live.

Resource: Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs is called a resource.

Types of Resources:

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

Horizontal distribution of power contains the role of Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. These always keeps a check on each other to prevent then from being over powerful. Hence the separation is referred as 'checks and balances'

The Great Depression of 1930's had a profound impact on Vietnam.

The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghea and Ha Tinh.

The French put these uprisings down with great severity, even using planes to bomb demonstrators.