Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united because of the following reasons.

• Power sharing ensures that all people have stake in government.
• Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the concept of people’s rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures the political stability in democracy.
• Power sharing accommodates diverse groups. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Resource Planning. Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned and judicious utilisation of resources. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
Resource planning is essential for India as there is enormous diversity in the availability of resources. For example the state of Rajasthan has vast potential for the development of solar and wind energy but is deficient in water resources.
The cold desert of Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water and some strategic minerals.
The state of Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructure which shows mere availability of resources in the absence of technology and institutions hinders development.
This shows that the resource planning is needed at the national, regional, state and local levels for balanced development of a country.

1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.
2. Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.
3. By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.
4. Inspired by Mazzini several Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
5. He inspired the youth of Italy with natioanlist ideas.
6. He believed God intended nations to be natural units of mankind and Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
7. He founded the underground secret societies Youth Italy Italy and Young Europe to involve the youth in revolutionary activities.

The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

• Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
• On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
• On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
• On 6th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

In India 30 per cent area are mountainous 27 per cent are plateaus and 43 per cent are plains, all of these have specific advantages to be utilized.
(i) Mountains are source to many streams and rivers, some of them are perennial. These regions have very high potential for hydro electricity productions, etc and also sites for eco-tourism.
(ii) Plateaus are mostly laden with minerals, fossil fuels and forest, etc so are economically most productive.
(iii) Plains are most important land resource for human beings. These are fertile and most of the food crops etc are grown here and also for economic use it is exploited for development of factories, roads etc.
But all these advantages should be exploited sustain-ably.

Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their lives. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a being help to define its members' behaviors and perceptions.

Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture and within their lives, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. For instance, the non‐material cultural concept of religion/faiths consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about God, worship, morals, and ethics. These beliefs, then, determine how the culture responds to its religious topics, issues, and events.

Kerala has low infant mortality rate as their is high development of education and health facilities. Kerala has low infant mortality rate as their is high development of education and health facilities.

The Scholars Revolt in 1868 was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. Catholic missionaries had been active in winning converts since the early 17th century and by the middle of the 18th century had converted some 3,00,000 people.
It led to a general uprising in the provinces of Ngu An and Ha Tien where a thousand Catholics were killed.
The French successfully crushed the movement, but the revolt was significant for it served as inspiration for other patriots to rise up against the colonial power.

Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe. Due to industrialization and transformation of society there emerged a middle class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. Out of these, the educated people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

The industries include the following  
(a) Cotton textiles-raw material is cotton bolls from the cotton plant.  
(b) Jute sacks-raw material is jute fiber from the jute plant.  
(c) Any food/fruit processing industry.
(d) Tea/coffee processing-raw materials are tea leaves/coffee beans.

It was one of the developmental project undertaken by France in Vietnam.It connected northern and southern parts of Vietnam with China and Thailand. It was completed in 1910.This project was meant for transportation of goods for trade and also for moving military garrisons in the entire region.

The Franco Chinese war, also known as the first Indo China war, was fought between the French and the Vietnamese. The French came to Vietnam with the idea of colonial dominance and subsequent civilization and modernization of Vietnam. THe fREnch arrived in 1858 in Southern Vietnam. By 1887, they had established complete dominance over the Tonkin and Anaam regions and united this French Indo China to the French state, thus preparing the gateway for colonialization.

(1) (i) The French began to increase cultivation by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.

 (ii) The vast system of irrigation works — canals and earthworks wore built mainly with forced labor.

(2) (i) This increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.

 (ii) The area under rice cultivation went up from 2, 74,000 hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2 million hectares in 1930.

(iii) Vietnam exported two-third of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

Deleted chapters in SST :

Geography

Section earlier consisted of Seven Chapters

but now Second Chapter i.e. Forest and Wildlife Resources has been removed

In Chapter Four i.e. Agriculture - Content of Page no. 44 to 47 of NCERT book is to be deleted

In Sixth Chapter i.e. Manufacturing Industries - Content mentioned on page no. 74-75 of NCERT, Geography Text book i.e. Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industries, Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry is not required to be deliver in class room during instruction.

Civics

Popular Struggles and Movements (Note : Ch-5 is to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory)