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Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
Main Features of Federalism:
- There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels.
- Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens.
- Power and functions of each tier of government are specified and guaranteed by the Constitution.
- Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of the government. The Supreme Court acts as an umpire to settle disputes between different levels of governments.
- Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of government. It applies to India also.
- Sources of revenue between different levels are specified by the Constitution to ensure financial autonomy.
- There is mutual trust and agreement between the governments at different levels.
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 10 months ago
as men went to battle, women stepped in to undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do. The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world's largest economic powers which were now fighting each other to pay for them.
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Gandhiji’s three monkeys is a sculpture of three monkeys sitting together, one covering his eyes, one covering his ears and the other covering his mouth. It is a representation of the proverb ‘see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.’ In India, the sculpture was a symbol of ignoring the harsh and oppressive rule of the British.
According to some stories, Gandhiji kept a sculpture of the three monkeys with him, and this was one notable exception to his otherwise simple, no-possessions lifestyle. Soon, the sculpture became popular across India.
The Charkha
Search for a picture of Mahatma Gandhi on the Internet and you’re bound to stumble on to a photograph of him spinning khadi on his trusted charkha. To Gandhiji, the charkha embodied several things: Swadeshi, self sufficiency and even inter-dependency! Soon, the charkha was used all across the country as a major symbol of the National Movement.
The Azad Hind Flag
The Azad Hind or ‘Free India’ movement originated outside of India in the 1940s. Its chief architect was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. He sought to ally with the Axis powers of WW II and free India with the use of arms and ammunition.
This flag was used as the official emblem of the Azad Hind Fauj, more commonly known as the Indian National Army.
Recall the history of independence and the faces of eminent leaders will come to mind – Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Bhagat Singh, to name a few. But do you know that several symbols played an important role in the movement too?
The Vande Mataram Flag
Some of you may remember reading about the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in your history textbooks. It took place in 1905, after Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon, and continued until 1911. The movement was chiefly organised by the trio of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai. The Calcutta Flag, designed during the course of this movement,sought to unite people from different religions, castes, etc.
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There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power. These are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with anyof the existing States. These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called Union Territories.
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Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because:
- The currency is authorised by the government of the country.
- The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
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- As per the old caste hierarchy Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras formed the ladder from top to bottom. Various socio-economic and political changes have almost broken down this hierarchy.
- The main occupations of the Brahmins were to perform various religious rites. Now, one can see Brahmins in various other occupations. They are running shops and hotels.
- Kshatriyas and Vaishyas are also working in many fields.
- Shudras, who were once untouchables, are now politicians, Doctors, professors and they now hold various respectable posts in government and private sectors.
- Urbanization and Education have brought a change in the mindset of modern youths from all castes and they are living and working together.
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A constitution is a body of well-defined laws or rules to govern a state which determines the right of citizens, the powers of the government and how the government should govern.
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Proposed by Lord Lytton, then viceroy of India (governed 1876–80), the act was intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing criticism of British policies—notably, the opposition that had grown with the outset of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). The act excluded English-language publications.
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- The 1848 revolution of the liberals:
- The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the poor, unemployed, starving peasants and workers in many European countries for fulfilling their demands of constitutionalism with national unification.
- Following were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals:
- Political ideas: The ideology of liberalism supported the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges. In German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessman and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for all German National Assembly.
- Social ideas: A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own political associations founded a newspaper, took part in political meetings and struggled for the right to vote. They supported freedom for the individual and the idea of equality of all before the law.
- Economic ideas: Liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
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Preeti Dabral 2 years, 10 months ago
A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below: A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
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