1. Texture: The texture of the soil depends upon the relative amount of these particles. Clay has the smallest sized particles. Because of very small size, the clay is felt smooth. Silt particles are larger than the clay particles. There size range from0.002 to 0.02mm in diameter. So silt does not feel smooth. Sand particles are largest sized particles of soil. Their diameter is more than0.02mm

2. Absorption of water : Water holding capacity in different types of soils is different. Soil absorbs water because it is porous. Sandy soil holds less water than clay soil and loamy soil. Clay soil holds more water than sandy soil. Sand absorbs less water than clay. Some plants require more water to grow; they grow well in clay soil and loam soil, since sand hold less water, so less vegetation is found in sandy soil.

3. Moisture: Texture decides the water holding capacity of the soil. The soil has some amount of water inside it as a moisture. Water is usually present as a thin film around the soil particles. It is absorbed by the roots of the plants. The capacity of a soil to hold water is important for the growth of various crops. Even a dry soil has some water in it.

4. Colour:Soils are of different colours. They are red white and black. The red colour of the soil is due to the presence of iron oxide. The black colour soil is rich in minerals and humus. It is good for the growth of wheat and jowar

5. Soil pH : Soil can be acid, alkaline or neutral. Some plants grow in acidic soil (pH below 7) such as potatoes and kumara. Carrots and lettuces prefer soil with neutral pH (7.0). Soil become more acidic over time as minerals are leached away.

6. Percolation Rate: When we sprinkle water on the ground, it is soon absorbed by the soil. This is because water percolates through the soil. The process in which water passes down slowly through the sol is called percolation of water.  But water does not percolate at the same rate in all types of soils.

Different Types of Soils Found in India are as follows:

Alluvial Soils: These soils are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers. They are rich in humus and very fertile. They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

Black Soils: These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow. It is concentrated in the parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash.

Red Soils: These are formed by weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Due to iron composition these soils are red in color. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover the parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa.

Laterite Soils: These soils are formed due to intense leaching. These soils are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

1. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
2. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the Earth.
3. Soil helps in providing food to this Earth.

National income is the total income  of  the residents of the country.total income is not a useful measure in comparing the levels of development of diff countries as:-

1.countries have diff population so comparing  them will not tell us what an an average person is likely to earn.
2.it heights disparity between

a.people living in the same country but engaged in diff occupations
b.states with regard to public facilities like education and health

Hence average income is used to compare the countries which is the total income of the country divided by total population..it is also known as per caplta income

However while average income is useful for comparison it does not tell us how this income is distributed among people.

Average income represents the total income of a country keeping in view of the total population.

If the average income is adequate to meet, the basic requirementand other facilities that country is considered developed.

More income means more of all things that human beings need. What ever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for it.
It suggested that if the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice then no physical force is necessary to fight the oppressor,a satyagrahi could win the battle through means of non-violence,by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Sustainable development is the prudent and judicious use of resources in such a way that even future generations are able to use it.

Sustainable development is essential for economic development as we have limited quantity of resources. Firstly, the development and growth of the country will be hampered if the present limited resources are totally exhausted.

Secondly, the exhaustion of natural resources will endanger the lives of humans and many species if we do not follow the principle of sustainable development. For example, if water is overutilisedand wasted, then it will not be replenished by the rains. We need to keep the stock of natural resources for future use too.

1.  Terrace farming: These are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They can reduce surface run-off and soil erosion  
2.  Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope. 
3.  Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover. 
4.  Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss. 

The term Life Expectancy simply refers to the numbers of years an individual is expected to live based on the statistical average. The life expectancy is one of the three major components of Human Development Index-the index which measures the human development of countries. The life expectancy varies from place to place and era to era.

The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. The movement was eventually led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement.

Average Income/ Per Capita Income measures the money earned or unearned [average income] per person in an given area [city,region,country,etc] in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population.

Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.
Moral Reason: The avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny are considered as prudential reasons for power sharing. Maintaining the spirit of democracy is considered as the moral reason for power sharing.

Sustainable development means the development which does not harm the environment and the recent development does not overlook the needs and requirement of the future generations.

Power may be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. There is a system of ‘reserved constituencies’ in our country. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

Industrialization was a mixed blessing because:

• On the one hand it gave rise to economic development and economic growth, on the other it also gave rise to levels of pollution.
• It employed the unemployed people  who migrated for jobs but it also  exploited the women and children for forceful labour and left them underpaid.