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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
The civil code of 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code was enacted on March 21, 1804. It was one of the most important code of those times because institutionalised equalilty under law i.e. it ruled out privileges to people that were based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that only the most qualified would be entitled to government jobs.
Posted by Vaishali Wani 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
The french revolution was the first which brought freedom .all the educated middle class , formed jacobin clubs and tried to spread the idea of freedom and nationalsim wherever they go.i.e -the armies whenever they go to other places ,they spread the idea of nationalism.thus ,they were considered as harbingers of liberty. but this soon turned into hostility where the people found that this did not go in hand with political freedom too.
Posted by Kushal Roy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
- In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.
- The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and to arrest people and keep them in prisons without any trial if they are suspected with the charge of terrorism. The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.
- Mahatma Gandhi was extremely agitated by the enactment of Rowlatt Act. He was extremely critical about the act and argued that everyone could not be punished for the isolated political crime.
- The Act was ill-famed as "Black Act" by the people and Indians revolted in protest against the Rowlatt Act.
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Posted by Tarun Rega 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement were:
- The Congress ignored the dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Also, Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables the children of God.
- Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
- This made the dalit apprehensive regarding the Congress led national movement.
- Decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, made a large section of Muslim feel alienated from the Congress. Thus, the response of Muslim political organisations in India was lukewarm.
- However, Muhammad Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
- Hence, the start of Civil Disobedience Movement created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.
Posted by Ashutosh Kharwar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Liberals were one of the groups which wanted to bring about a change in the society.
The objectives set by liberals to change the society were that:
• They wanted a society which tolerated all religions.
• They opposed the unrestrained power of monarch.
• They wanted to protect individual’s rights against the governments.
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Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution,liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Characteristics of aristocracy
1. A land owning class.
2. Small in number but dominated Europe politically and socially.
3. Spoke French to maintain status.
4. Their families were connected through marriage.
5. They were the dominant class socially, economically and politically.
Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Posted by Vicky Singh Oboroy 6 years, 7 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
1. In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared history
*In a modern state, centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory
2. It overthrew monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe
*It was a long process which started in Europe in the 19th century
Posted by Aman Shukla 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Plebiscite is a voting process in which the people of an entire country or district vote to express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or a ruler.
Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
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Posted by Khushi Ojha 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities. Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor DukeMattermich once describe him as ‘the most dangerous energy of our social order’.
Parliament at Frankfurt The German middle class decided to vote for an all – German National Assembly in 1848, and 831 persons were elected. They comprised the National Assembly. The assembly decided to organize the Parliament at Frankfurt in the church of St. Paul. Thus, on 18th May, 1848, the famous Frankfurt Parliament was convened. The assembly decided that the German nation would be a constitutional monarchy controlled by Parliament, and offered the crown to the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. But he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The Parliament also faced strong opposition from the aristocracy and military as it was dominated by the middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans. As a result of this the middle class lost their mass support.
Harsh Mishra 5 years, 11 months ago
Sorry, lekin achche se Question samajh mein nahin Aaya......Detail mein samjhaogee kya......
Posted by Saiba Chauhan Saqib2334 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Organised sector: All enterprises which are either registered or came under the purview of any of the relevant government rule, like Factory Act.
People enjoy working in the organised sector as there is a proper and systematic way to get the work done from the employees.
Posted by Harsh Kumar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Posted by Ranjit Raj 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India.
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:
- Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
- People had to resign from their government jobs.
- People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
- People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.
The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.
Posted by Ravindra Chaudhary 6 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
- India since ancient times has been producing clay vessels. The history of clay crafts in India dates back to 6,000BC through remains found at Mehrgarh, on the western bank of the Indus River.
- Through various archaeological excavations, various remains of clay pottery have been found during the Harappan Civilisation.
- Painted grey ware (PGW) pottery remains unearthed at several archaeological sites in Punjab and Haryana. It is believed to belong to the Rig Vedic Aryan period.
- The PGW is a smooth, very fine and coloured variant of pottery. It was made of well-worked, high-quality clay with black geometric patterns on it. Floral patterns and symbols of the Sun can also be seen.
- Later, Northern Black Polished Ware developed around 400BC. It was a highly lustrous pottery developed during the Mauryan period.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
- The newly emerged middle class in Germany in 1848 tried to unite several German kingdoms which were suppressed by monarchies and large landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
- Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, aimed to achieve the goal of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
- Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
- The German unification was completed in 1871 and in the same year William I was declared as the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
- The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
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