Robinson Crusoe’s actions that make us see him as a typical coloniser are many. Shipwrecked on an island inhabited by coloured people, Crusoe treats them as inferior beings. He is portrayed as “rescuing” a native and then making him a slave. He gives him the name Friday, without even caring to ask for his name. Colonised people were seen as barbaric and primitive, and colonialism became their self-professed civiliser. Crusoe was a direct representation of this ideology of colonisers.

• Baba Ramchandra led the peasant movement in Awadh.
• He was a sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
• He started the movement against talukdars and landlords, who demanded high rent and taxes from the peasants.

• Increase in productivity
• Minimum usage of fertiliser and pesticides and water
• Fruits, nuts, vegetables which were first imported from foreign countries are now produced at our places n exported which in turn increased foreign exchange
• R & D to acquire position in world agriculture market
• Establishment of food processing industries ,increase in employment
• Minimum wastage of grains, fruits, vegetables as we can adopted techniques from develop country

1)Due to globalisation the Indian farmers might have to force much unstable prices for these products fluctuated largely on year-to-year basis .

2) The impact of trade liberalization on the prices of agricultural products at international level and domestic level depend on what policies other countries follow .

3) Export of major agriculture commodities have been liberalised.

4) Major transformation took place with the introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops .

5) This innovation , coupled with investments in infrastructure , expansion of credit marketing and processing facilities led to a significant increase in the use of modern inputs.

• Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionist, who was broadcasted into exile when he attained the age 24  for endeavoring a revolution in Liguria in 1881. He ascertained two ambiguous associations, precisely Young Italy and Young Europe. Metternich was the one who interjected the Treaty of Vienna. His conception was conservatism. But Mazzini was contemporary and compelling.
• He reassured the young members of these associations to be associated with seditious actions. Following his convictions on the representation of his confidential communities, more such alliances were authorized in  France, Switzerland, Germany, and Poland.
• Thus this caused disagreement among them and Metternich excerpted ' Mazzini is the most dangerous enemy of our social order'

Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in 1815. The impacts of treaty were :

(a) Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented.
(b) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of the Northern Italy.
(c) in the East, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(d) The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

Non Cooperation movement was launched by Gandhi who believed in the principles of truth and non violence. It was felt that movement was turning violent in many places. In 1922, when a mob in Chauri Chaura in United Provinces (present Uttar Pradesh) burned the Police station and killed 22 policemen. Gandhi belie that people were yet not prepared to launch a non violent movement and hence withdrew it.

Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922: 

(i) Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places. 

(ii) A clash took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh 

(iii) A group of volunteers picketing a liquor shop were beaten up by a police officer. 

(iv) In protest a group of peasants went to the police station, bolted the door and set fire to the police station killing 22 policemen. 

(v) The incident shocked Gandhiji and he immediately withdrew the movement.

 Plebiscite is a voting process in which the people of an entire country or district vote to express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or a ruler.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of M.K.Gandhi, in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made by the British.
Gandhiji started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) from his ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April, he reached Dandi,and openly violating the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. Three features of this movement were.
(i) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
(ii) In many places forest people violated forest laws—going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
(iii) Women participated in the movement on a large scale.

Dandi march: Gandhi started the Dandi march from Sabarmati Ashram towards the small coastal village of Dandi. ... Gandhi chose salt because it was used in every Indian household, yet people were not allowed to make salt even for domestic use.

Rowlatt Act: The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 , popularly known as the Rowlatt Act or Black Act, was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 10 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial

Simon Commission,: The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly referred to as the Simon Commission, was a group of seven British Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in British India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain's most important colony.

Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.

• Rowlatt Act 1919 authorised the Government: to arrest and imprison any person without trial in a court of law.
• To demand security from any person, impose restriction on residence, curb freedom of activities, to search house and arrest any person, at any place.

Culture played a pivotal role in the growth of the nationalist sentiment in Europe. Art, poetry, stories, music and language often forged national feelings among populations with common ethnicity. The case of Greece, Germany and Poland stand testimony to this.

In 1821, the Greeks began their struggle for independence from the Ottoman Turk rule. The poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilized support among exiled Greeks and Western European elites. For example, whereas English poet Lord Byron organized funds for the Greek cause, French painter Delacroix through his paintings sought to create sympathy for the Greek revolt.

In Germany, the nationalists popularized the concept of a German nation through folk songs, poems and dance forms. Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried claimed true German culture was to be discovered among the common people, i.e., ‘Das Volk’. Collecting and recording forms of folk culture had also become an integral part of nation building, e.g. Grimm’s Fairy Tales.

Though under Russian occupation, members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish became a common language in church gatherings and religious instruction. Folklore was also extensively used to revive nationalist sentiment among the Polish.

Policies are political party are nearly Same they have only minor difference this does not give choice to voters. So, political parties should go for different policies as to provide a meaningful choice to voters

State Party: A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party.

Political parties whose influence is limited to less than three states can be classified as regional political parties. Most of the regional political parties function in one or two states and represent the political interests of their states. Other types of regional parties are those with an all-India perspective but with only a regional presence. The Rashtriya Janata Dal, Telugu Desam Party and Trinamool Congress are examples of regional parties.

On the other hand, national parties have a larger base among people and their reach encompasses most of the country. These parties have a national agenda and outlook which is reflected in their manifesto. They have more workers and often compete for power at regional as well as national level amongst themselves. To be recognised as a national party, a party has to secure 4 percent of the total votes cast in at least 4 different states. The Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party are examples of national parties.

The Active Members : They are involved in different committees of the party and participate directly in their activity.

Communalism is a philosophy which believes in society being divided into a number of religious communities that are different from each other and opposed to each other. In this kind of society, each community think itself as superior to others.

Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at the cost of other communities.
Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. Communalism involves thinking along the following lines:
• The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community.
• Their fundamental interests should be the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
• Communalism also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community. If the followers of different religions have some commonalities, these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.
• Sometimes, communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them has to dominate the rest, or they have to form different nations.

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The first jute mill was established at Rishra, on the River Hooghly near Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Acland brought jute spinning machinery from Dundee. Four years later, the first power driven weaving factory was set up.