Solar energy has a bright future in India as:
(i) India is a tropical country.
(ii) It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
(iii) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
(iv) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
(v) Some big solar power plants are being established in different parts of India which will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development due to the following factors:

More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small scale industries.

Cheap credit means more income would be left with the borrower to reinvest rather than return as interest. This leads to acceleration of economic activity.

Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to enter formal sector of lending and rid them of exploitation at the hands of informal moneylenders.

Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap and lead to sustainable economic activity that would allow borrowers to invest in better technology to make their business more competitive.

(a) Habitat destructions agricultural expansion has resulted in destruction of habitat.

(b) Hunting is carried out illegally, thereby, decreasing the number of animals.

(c) Poaching is done and parts of animals are sold for profit.

 (d) Over exploitation of resources, cutting of trees for profit motive without replanting and conserving.

(e) Environmental pollution caused by industries destroys soil and water.

 (f) Poisoning the forest.

• When the textile industries in England began to produce cloth, need was felt for imposing import duties on foreign cloth which entered its markets. Thus, various import duties were levied on Indian cloth entering into the British markets. This hit the Indian weavers hard.
• The English companies in order to sell their goods persuaded the British Government to remove all import duties on English cloth entering into India. Because these cloths were cheap, the condition of weavers in India became worse as their export market collapsed and the local market was flooded with cheap British cloth.
• Also at many a times, weavers were not able to get raw cotton of good quality

The Chauri Chaura incident occurred at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province, British India on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police, who opened fire.In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 22 or 23 policemen. the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.

Purna Swaraj or full Independence for India it was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence day when people where to take up pledge for to struggle for complete Independence but the celebrations attracted very little attention so Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concentrate issues of everyday life

Deferred payments refer to those payments which are made in the future. Money has made deferred payments easier. When money is borrowed, the principal and interest amounts have to be returned to the lender. However, these transactions are not possible in terms of goods and services. Money performs this function more effectively.

• The dust and various fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
• The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners.
• The water resources in the regions get contaminated due to mining.
• Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and increase in stream and river pollution.

Over lapping social difference

If social differences overlap each other it may lead to social division and if one social difference is given preference then people would begin to think that they belong to different community. It always leads to social division and disintegration of the country. Example:- USA: The blacks are discriminated by the whites due to their poverty (racial discrimination).

Cross cutting social difference

 If social difference cross-cut each other we would find it difficult to find which group is against the other. These groups may have similar views on some issues and different on other issues.  It encourages diversity and accommodates unity. 
Example:- NETHERLAND: The main religion here is Christianity. They have division as Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Neither of them are rich or poor and do not have conflict between them.

Commercial farming :-
1. In this type of farming, crops are grown only for commercial purposes.
2. Farmers make use of higher doses of modern inputs, HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, etc
Eg:-. Rice is commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab.

Plantation farming :-
1. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
2. Labour is employed to work in large tracts of land, using capital intensive devices.
Eg:- Tea Gardens produce tea and coffee plantaions produce coffee.

It was an order issued by President Musharaff in which the President can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a 'National Security Council' which is dominated by military officers.

Liberals: They believed in a system which accepted all religions and not concentrates on a single religion. They were against dynasty rulers as well. They asked for one vote per property but did not include women in the same.

Conservatives: They were not ready for changes and wanted to discard the idea of changes. At one point they agreed to the upcoming changes but they wanted that at the same time the past should be respected.

The East India Company had devised a policy of forcing States in India into a ‘subsidiary alliance’, which was in fact a ploy to exercise political control over them. The terms of this type of alliance dictated that Indian rulers were not supposed to maintain their own independent armies. They were to be protected by the Company and had to pay for the ‘subsidiary forces’ which the Company deployed for their protection. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments, then a part of their territory was taken over as penalty for default. For example, in 1801, the Nawab of Awadh had to relinquish control over half of his territory to the Company as he failed to pay for the subsidiary forces. The state of Hyderabad also had to cede territories on similar grounds.

Commercial farming :-
1. In this type of farming, crops are grown only for commercial purposes.
2. Farmers make use of higher doses of modern inputs, HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, etc
Eg:-. Rice is commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab.

Plantation farming :-
1. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
2. Labour is employed to work in large tracts of land, using capital intensive devices.
Eg:- Tea Gardens produce tea and coffee plantaions produce coffee.

Cropping pattern means the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. This is, however, a dynamic concept as it changes over space and time
There are three distinct crop seasons in the northern and interior parts of country, namely kharif, rabi, and zaid.
crops can be  identified as associating themselves with a particular type of agro-climate, and certain other minor crops with similar requirements are grouped in one category. For example, wheat, barley and oats, are taken as one category.
Certain other crops, such as the plantation crops and other industrial crops are discussed separately. Among the kharif crops, rice, jowar, bajra, maize, groundnut and cotton are the prominent crops to be considered the base crops for describing the kharif cropping patterns.
Among the rabi crops, wheat, gram and sorghum or jowar are considered the base crops for explaining the rabi cropping pattern.

The large landowners in Prussia were called Junkers.

After the Frankfurt parliament was forced to disband due to the opposition of the Prussian monarchy and military, the responsibility of nation building was taken up by the monarchy and aristocracy under prime minister Otto Von Bismarck.

Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France led to Prussian victory and German unification.

The Prussian monarchy was supported by the Junkers.