The 18308 were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the following reasons :
(i) There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) There were more seekers of jobs than employment.

(iii) People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iv) There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and products imported from England where goods were made by machines as industrialisation had already taken place there.

(v) Peasants’ condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(vi) The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted in widespread pauperism in town and country.

In the seventeenth century, Bombay was under Portuguese control. It was a group of seven islands. In 1661; after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess; the control of Bombay passed into British hands. After that, the East India Company shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.

Initially, Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. Later, in the nineteenth century, it became the transit hub for large quantities of raw materials; like cotton and opium.

Gradually, it became an important administrative centre. By the end of the nineteenth century, Bombay became a major industrial centre.

They are three sectors in the Indian economy, they are; primary economy, secondary economy, and tertiary economy.
i. Primary Sector - The primary sector in India is the sector which is largely dependant on the availability of natural resources in order to manufacture the goods and also to execute various processes. The services in this sector are entirely dependant on the availability of the natural resources in order to keep the day-to-day operations running.
ii. Secondary Sector - The economy in the sector is dependent on the natural ingredients which are used to create the services and products offered and which at the end are used for consumption. In terms of value added to the products and services, this sector is the best sector. The major examples that fall under this category are transportation and manufacturing.
iii. Tertiary Sector - 
This sector contributes the largest in terms of share in GDP in India. The sector is also the service sector and is important when you consider the development of the other two sectors. Example of this sector is all service sectors which IT services, consulting, etc.

The print culture came to Europe from the China . Marco Polo, who was an explorer came to Italy after spending many years in China in the 1250s . He brought the print culture with him to Europe along with the Woodblock Printing Technology. This Print Culture and Woodblock Printing spread to the parts of Europe. Silk route helped to reach paper Europe from China in the 11th century. Woodblock printing: it spread all around Europe by the early 15th century. People used the woodblock printing to print textile, playing cards and religious pictures.

It is true that ​many a times introduction of new crops make a difference between life and death. The introduction of potato in Europe changed the lifestyle of the poor who dependent too much on potato for living. Potato was the only crop grown there. Irish peasants became so much dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed potato crops in mid 1840's, many died of famine and starvation.

The advantages of synthetic fibers are as follows:

1. Synthetic fibers are more durable as compared to natural fibers.

2. They are wrinkle free and require less or no ironing.

3. They are quick drying.

4. Synthetic fibers do not shrink and do not lose their colour.

5. Synthetic fibers are light in weight and at the same time they are cheaper as compared to natural fibers.

The disadvantages are as follows:

1. Synthetic fibers do not absorb sweat or moisture and hence not preferred for summer months.

2. These fibers can catch fiber easily and hence not advised to wear clothes of synthetic fibers while cooking etc.

3. Synthetic fibers are not biodegradable.

4. Some synthetic fibers are not good for the human skin.

5. Synthetic fibers can get damaged when washed with hot water.

6. Synthetic fibers do not allow the skin to breathe properly and hence can affect the lymphatic system of the body.

Synthetic fibers refer to those class of fibers which are manufactured from man-made materials like artificial silk, nylon, rayon etc.

The advantages of synthetic fibers are as follows:

1. Synthetic fibers are more durable as compared to natural fibers.

2. They are wrinkle free and require less or no ironing.

3. They are quick drying.

4. Synthetic fibers do not shrink and do not lose their colour.

5. Synthetic fibers are light in weight and at the same time they are cheaper as compared to natural fibers.

The disadvantages are as follows:

1. Synthetic fibers do not absorb sweat or moisture and hence not preferred for summer months.

2. These fibers can catch fiber easily and hence not advised to wear clothes of synthetic fibers while cooking etc.

3. Synthetic fibers are not biodegradable.

4. Some synthetic fibers are not good for the human skin.

5. Synthetic fibers can get damaged when washed with hot water.

6. Synthetic fibers do not allow the skin to breathe properly and hence can affect the lymphatic system of the body.

The Globalisation has impacted Indian economy in the following ways
(i) Increase in foreign investment, Over the past twenty years, the foreign investment has increased.
(ii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational Several of the top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from the increased competition created as a result of Globalisation.
(iii) Creation of new opportunities Globalisation has created new opportunities for Indian companies, particularly providing services like IT.
(iv) Creation of new jobs For those which are Globalisation has created new jobs and has helped in reducing unemployment rate to an extent.
(v) A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India.

The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1st August 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. 
Features of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
i. The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.
ii. Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
iii. People were asked to resign from their government jobs.
iv. People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
v. People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.
vi. People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils.
vii. People were asked not to serve in the British army.
 

By the end of 19th century, a new visual culture was taking shape with the setting up of an increasing member of printing press and visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
Painters like Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.
Cheap prints and calenders were easily available in the markets which could be bought by poor people to decorate walls of their homes.
Innovations in print technology, colour prints were introduced which made printing material beautiful. By 1870’s cartoons, caricatures etc. were being published in newspapers and journals.

Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1938. He sought re-election to the President ship of the party in 1939. Gandhi was supporting Pattabhi Sitaramayya for the Presidentship. However, due to the support given by radical elements within the party, Bose was re-elected as the president of the INC. Gandhi was not happy with his re-election and said that the defeat of Pattabhi Sitaramayya was his own defeat. Pained by Gandhi's agonies, 13 members of the Congress Working Committee resigned. At this time, several delegates who had supported Bose began supporting Gandhi. It was increasingly becoming difficult for Bose to work as the President and hence he resigned from the President ship in 1939.

Kharif crops- The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season in India is generally from June to September. Example- paddy, maize.

Transport routes are called the basic arteries of our economy because of the following reasons:

1.Transport routes benefit trade and Commerce.

2.Transport routes help in the development in the industrial as well as agricultural economy.

3.Transport routes provide direct and gainful employment.