The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

Checks and balances: a system that allows each branch of a government to amend acts of another branch so as to prevent any one branche from exerting too much power

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

Formal source of credit:

a)    Loans that are given by banks and co-operative institutions are called Formal sector of credit.

b)    The functioning of these banks and co-operative institutions are supervised by Reserve Bank of India – RBI.

c)    These institutions are required to report to the RBI the rate of interest, amount lending, etc.

d)    Borrower is required to submit collaterals and documents.

Informal source of credit:

a)    Loans that are given by money lenders, friends and relatives are called Informal source of credit.

b)    They are not supervised by Reserve Bank of India – RBI.

c)    They can lend money at any interest rate and use any means to get back their money.

d)    Borrower is not required to submit collaterals and documents.

During the period between 1926-1930 there was widespread hardships among the people because of the great depression. On top of that Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commusuin under Sur John Simon. Set up in response of the nationalist movement. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. But the problem was there was no single Indian member un the commission.

Features of Vienna Treaty of 1815:

• Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
• In 1815, representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
• The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Mettemich.
• The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleon war.
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
• The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium was set up in the north.
• Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
• Prussia was given new territories on its western frontiers.
• Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

There are Irish fighting Irish, there are English fighting English, on the Scottish side of the water there are Scots fighting against Bruce because they support the Plantagenets as well," he said. The high point of the Scots in Ireland was 1316 when they cut a swathe through Louth and almost down to Dublin. By inheritance in 1603, James VI of Scotland became king of England and Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.

Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the "Risorgimento", the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s. He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) was king of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and then the first king of Italy until 1878. He worked to free Italy from foreign control and became a central figure of the movement for Italian unification.

Resources are essential for human survival and for maintaining the quality offlife. But indiscriminate use of resources had led to many problems like;
(i) Depletion of resources for satisfying the need of few greedy individuals.
(ii) Accumulation of resources in the hands of few individuals dividing the society into haves and have nots or rich and poor.
(iii) Over exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, environmental pollution and land degradation.

The drawbacks of majoritarianism are :

1. It asserts that a majority of the population based on religion, language, social class or some other identifying factor, is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society and has a right to make decisions that affect the society. This can sometimes encroach upon the fundamental rights of the citizens.

2. Majoritarianism is referred to as a majority rule. That means a majority class ruling a minority class. This could lead to conflicts, and dissatisfaction amongst the minorities.

3.. Most decisions take place not by majority rule, but by plurality, unless the voting system restricts candidates or options to two only.

4. Due to Arrow's paradox it is not possible to have plurality voting systems with more than two options which adhere to both 'fairness' criteria and rational decision making criteria.