A rare species is a group of organisms that are very uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered. This designation may be applied to either a plant or animal taxon, and is distinct from the term endangered or threatened. Designation of a rare species may be made by an official body, such as a national government, state, or province. The term more commonly appears without reference to specific criteria. The IUCN does not normally make such designations, but may use the term in scientific discussion. Rare species are species with small populations. Many move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. Examples of rare species include the Himalayan brown bear, Fennec fox, Wild Asiatic buffalo and Hornbill.

2 concepts of development are given below :

i. Different persons can have different developmental goals .

ii. What may be the development for one  may not be the development for the other .

The basic idea behind decentralisation: 

(i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level because people have better knowledge of their local problems. 

(ii) It helps in promoting direct participation. 

Structure of Rural Local Government: 

(i) Zila Parishad: All the mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the members are elected and headed by a chairperson. 

(ii) Panchayat Samiti or Mandal or Block: The members of this body are elected by the entire panchayat members in that area. A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form this government body. 

(iii) Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several ward members often called Panch. The president is called sarpanch. It is the decision-making body for the entire village.

The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income or average income of a person in a country.

Limitations of this criterion:

It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries. Two countries with the same per capita income might be very different with regard to income distribution. One might have equitable distribution of income while the other might have great disparities between the rich and the poor.

The government in Belgium divided the powers equally between Dutch and French speaking populations. It was decided that equal representation should be given to the French- and Dutch-speaking population. Thus, there were equal numbers of ministers belonging to both communities in the Central Government. In Brussels, where the French were in majority, both communities were given equal representation, as the Dutch had agreed to equal representation at the centre despite them being in majority. THus, in Belgium power was divided equally between the Dutch and French speaking populations. 

Sri Lanka became independent of colonial rule in 1948. There were two major communities—Sinhalese and Tamilians. The Sinhalese were in majority and hence they followed majoritarian policies. Sinhala was recognised as the only official language of the country. Preferential positions in government jobs were given to the Sinhalese. All these measures led to dissent among the Tamilian community which finally culminated into a civil war, with the Tamilians demanding the formation of an independent Tamil state in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Thousands of people were killed in the civil war.

Thus, we find that both Belgium and Sri Lanka dealt with the issue of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders respected the interests of both linguistic groups and avoided any possibilities of clashes among the Dutch- and French-speaking communities. In Sri Lanka, however, the assertive policies of the majority community led to a civil war threatening the unity and integrity of the country.

It is quantitative in nature as it deals the quantity of goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time

It is an automatic in process where government intervention is not needed.

Civil rights movement was started in the USA 1954. It refers to the set of events and Reform movements aiming to abolish racial discrimination practiced in the USA against the African- American people. This movement was led by Martin Luther King Jr. It adopted the path of civil disobedience against the racially discriminatory laws and practices.

Homogeneous society: A homogeneous society is one where similar kinds of people live. In it no significant ethnic differences exist.

Coffee is made from Coffee beans whereas tea is made from tea leaves. Coffee has a very pleasant aroma which tea doesn't have. Coffee taste and type depend on the brewing whereas Tea's taste might be different because generally there are added flavours like ginger, cardamom, pepper etc oh yeah, and brewing too. Coffee has its advantages, but tea wins in the war of the antioxidants. While green tea is most commonly associated with antioxidants, white tea actually contains more. Based on caffeine levels, tea might be better if you like drinking your beverages in large quantities.

Need for local government: 

(i) There are a number of problems and issues that are best settled at the local level, because people have a better knowledge of the problems in their localities. 

(ii) The local people are aware of their needs and can prioritize. 

(iii) It helps to initiate the process of direct decisionmaking.

(iv) It helps to inculcate the habit of democratic participation. 

(v) Local government is the best way to realize one important principle of democracy, namely local self government.

Federalism has succeeded in India due to the nature of democratic policies in our country. 

The policies adopted by India to ensure this success: 

(i) Linguistic States: After independence, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. 

(ii) Language Policy: The second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. The Indian constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the language. 

(iii) Centre-State Relations: Restructuring the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. 

(iv) Decentralisation of Power: Power in India has been decentralised to the local government. The local government includes Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas.

The Constitution was amended in 1992 to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. 

(i) Now it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for SC, ST and OBC’s.

(iii) At least 1/3rd of all positions and seats are reserved for women. 

(iv) An independent institution called state Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections. 

(v) The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state.

(i) There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels

(ii) Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens.

(iii) Power and functions of each tier of government is specified and guaranteed by Constitution.

(iv) The Supreme Court has been given power to settle disputes between different levels of governments.

(v) Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of government. It applies to India also.

Rural local government is known as Panchayati Raj. 

(i) PRI is rural-based. 

(ii) Each village has Gram Panchayat. 

(iii) It has Panchs and a Sarpanch. 

(iv) He/She is directly elected by the adult population living in the village. 

(v) Panchayat works under the Gram Sabha. 

(vi) All the voters meet at least twice or thrice in a year. 

(vii) Few gram panchayats form Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal.

• Real numbers constitute the union of all rational and irrational numbers.
• Any real number can be plotted on the number line.