The development of nationalism in Europe was not only the result of war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. The following examples state the fact
(i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings in-Europe.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement in Europe developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of science and reason. They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. They gave importance on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk) in their folk song, folk poetry and folk dances.
(iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national spirit.
(v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski cekbrated the national struggle through opera and music.
(vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.

Body mass index is bmi
it is used to determine whether an adult is undernourished or not it is calculated by weight by the square of height
if it is less than 18.5 then the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25 than it is overweight

i). It is the safer place to keep money as compared to the house or a working place.

ii). People can earn interest on the deposited money.

iii). People have the provisions to withdrawn the money as and when they require.

iv). People can also make payment through cheques.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of the final goods and services produced during a year within the domestic territory of a country.

• Here only final goods and services are counted to avoid the problem of double counting.
  • For e.g. a farmer sold wheat to flour mill for Rs. 10 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and sold the flour to a biscuit company for Rs. 12 per kg. The biscuit company uses the flour, sugar and butter to make 5 biscuit packets. He sold the biscuit to the consumer at Rs. 15 per biscuit packet.
  • Here biscuits are the final goods that are purchased by the consumer. Wheat and wheat flour are the intermediate goods used in the production of final good.
  • The value of Rs. 75 already includes the value of flour Rs. 12. 
  • Hence only the value of final goods and services. 

Therefore, GDP  = Value of output − Intermediate Consumption

A municipal corporation is established in larger towns and its members are directly elected by the people. Its head is referred as Mahapaur or mayor. A post of deputy mayor is created to look after the affairs of the corporation in the absence of mayor.
 Urban local governments are established according to the size of the town. For a small urban area, a municipality is constituted which is responsible for developmental activities of that town. Under a municipality, a city is divided into several wards, each represented by one candidate. This candidate is directly elected by the people of that area through elections.  

Resources can be used judiciously by the following ways -

1. resource planning - the planning is an important step in country like india where resources are enourmously diverse for judicious use of resources. planning provides economically viable and sustainable solution to the issues related to resources and serves efficiently and effectively.

2. management resources - the proper management is vital for the efficient and sustainable use of resources. the proper management of resources successfully link the human and resources resulting in it's judicious use.

3. Awareness - the awareness plays an important role in planning, management and use of resouces. it is an responsibility of an individual to effectionately plan and manage their local resources and should manage and harness them in the sustainable and best possible way like like a vacant piece of community land that can be brought under use by building parks, garden etc.

Liberalism: Derived from Latin word ‘liber’ means ‘free’. It meant differently to different people. 

Middle class: For the new middle classes it stood for freedom of individual and equality of all before law. 

Politically: It emphasized government by consent. There was to be an end to autocracy and clerical privileges. The right to vote was meant to be only for property owning men. The lower classes were therefore not included. In general, it stood for inviolability of private property and freedom of the markets from state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

The Rowlatt satyagraha was limited mainly to the cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi felt the need of a more broad-based movement in India. He was convinced that it could be only possible by bringing the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

These trees have broadleafs. India also has temperate deciduous forests but they are very less in number. These broad leaves are shed in the autumn season but it is in case of temperate deciduous mode. The tropical deciduous forests have the trees that shed their leaves in the winter season.

Tropical Rain Forests

These are also called equatorial rainforests. Rainforests are those forests which are characterized by heavy rainfall between 1750 mm and 2000 mm. These forests incur heavy showers of 100-600 cm a year, so they are named so. Coffee, bananas, and chocolates come from tropical rainforests.

Montane Forests

This type of forest is found in mountain or hilly areas. These areas include the hilly area of Himalayas and Vindhyas or Nilgiri hills. The forests in the northern region are denser than in the South. At higher altitudes, fir, juniper, deodar, and chilgoza can be found.

Tropical Thorn forests

They are found in the area with very little rainfall (as little as 50cm). Arid regions of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh have these forests.

It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Aims:

1. It aimed at achieving global sustainable development.
2. The agenda was to combat environmental damage, poverty and diseases.
3. It can be achieved through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
4. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

Imagination of a women participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement:

(i) I saw that women were not lagging behind then the men in this movement. They alike men can also raise their voice against the system, disrupted either at individual or institutional level.

(ii) Experiment with truth and non-violence is varied and varidical as per topics/issues. Law and order is truly followed in this mode of action.

(iii) Participation in likewise moves and movements inculcates a sense of tolerance, labour, patience, valour and dedication.

(iv) Alongwith picketing foreign clothes and liquor shops, I would have systematically remove the foreign or alien demands that dwell in my heart in the form of anger, jealousy, vanity, ostentation etc. in company of so great guide, i.e. Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi.

Sentiment of Nationalism in the first half of the 19^th century: 

(i) Towards the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism could not retain its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow belief with inadequate ends. 

(ii) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant, which leads to war. 

(iii) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further their own imperialist aims. 

(iv) Source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area called Balkans. 

(v) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. 

(vi) One by one, European nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. 

(vii) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality to prove that they were once independent but were subjugated by foreign power. 

(viii) As the different, slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.

1) This is also known as "Salt March".
2) It was started on March 12,1930.
3) Mahatama Gandhi started this march along with 78 volunteers from sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, the coastal town of Gujarat.

Napoleon reorganised Germany into 39 larger states. He also established the Confederation of the Rhine, a league of 16 German states. This brought further unification to Germany. The process of the Unification of Germany occurred in the nineteenth century (1800–1900). ... At the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the German nation in Versailles, France, at the Hall of Mirrors. Unification joined together the many independent German states. France was heavily defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon III was overthrown by a French rebellion. The circumstances leading to the war caused the southern German states to support Prussia. This alliance led to the unification of Germany.

He was a French artist famous for a series of four prints prepared in 1848 that visualised the dream of a world consisting of 'Democratic and Social Republics'.

The first print of the painting shows the people of Europe and America marching towards the Statue of Liberty and paying homage to it. Liberty is personified as a female figure which holds charter rights in one hand and the torch in other. The shattered images of absolute institutions lies on the earth .Frederic Sorrieu always visualized a world made up of democratic and socialist republics. He wishes to potray a world where all countries respect statue of liberty or in other terms where all countries promote Charter of the Rights of Man and fraternity.

Features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu:

• Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.
• Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man.
• On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.

Causes for forest depletion in India are:

• Depletion of forests on an extensive scale was carried out in the colonial period. The beginning and the expansion of railways during this period led to the destruction of huge chunks of forests.
• In independent India, clearing of forest land for the purpose of cultivation has also led to the depletion of forest cover in the country.
• Timber has become an important commercial resource. It is used for building and making furniture. The felling of the trees for the purpose of obtaining timber is an important cause of reduced forest cover in India.
• Many forests have been cleared for the purpose of building large scale dams in the country. For example, the building of Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat and the Narmada Valley Project has resulted in the loss of forest lands in India.
• Rapid Industrialization, urbanisation and expansion of cities has also led to the destruction of forest cover in the country.
• Animal grazing, mining, collection of fire wood in rural areas are some other reasons of forest depletion in the country. Many people regard the practice of shifting cultivation also as a reason of destruction of forest cover in India. However it has to be noted that tribals practice it for satisfying their minimum basic needs. Depletion of forest is caused mainly due to the commercial use of timber, expansion of agriculture and the construction of large dams.

In 1834, the customs union of Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states.

• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
• The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
• A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
• Varied currencies and weights and measures were obstacles to economic growth, so the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital was needed. So, Zollverein was formed.