Round Table conferences were a series of conferences that was organized by the British government to discuss various constitutional reforms in India.

Second Round Table conference resulted in a settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. This settlement was known as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference.

Shaukat Ali helped his younger brother Mohammad Ali Jouhar publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and the English weekly Comrade. In 1915 he published an article which said Turks were right to fight the British. These two weekly magazines played a key role in shaping the political policy of Muslim India back then.

The total value of goods and Services produced in the country is the indicator of income for the country. The Technical term to denote this value is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP records the market value of all final goods and services produced. The sum of the Production in the three sectors i.e. Agriculture, Industries and Service, gives GDP. It is value of all final goods and services Produced with a country during a particular year. The Industrial sector became the dominant sector and the importance of the agriculture sector both for employment and production declined. In the Past 50 years, there has been a further shift from Industry to service sector for developed countries. According to the census of India, 2011 out of 1.2 billion persons in India, 460 million people are workers i.e. people engaged in some productive activities.

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness that emerges when people living in a common region share the same historical, political, cultural background, speak the same language, have the same cultural values and consider themselves as one nation. The factors which promoted to the growth of nationalism in India were:

Economic exploitation, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, rediscovery of India's past, influence of western education, role of the press and development of rapid means of transport and communication.

Congress party

Indian National congress

United kingdom's conservative party

Congress

Popularly known as the Congress Party, the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It played a dominant role in Indian politics for several decades after India’s Independence.

These are material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the human needs but could not be used as the human beings do not have the appropriate technology to convert them into usable form. For example, water (H2O) is a compound of two inflammable gases i.e. hydrogen and oxygen but human beings do not have the required technology to use them as a source of energy.

The French Revolution was a milestone episode in modern European history. It began in the year 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. All through that time, residents of France were levelling and restructuring their country’s administrative landscape, uprooting centuries-old foundations such as sheer monarchy and the feudal system. The turmoil was caused due to extensive discontent with the monarchy and the pitiable economic policies of King Louis XVI. The French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing its goals and at times disintegrated into a chaotic bloodbath. The social and political structure of France was completely changed due to this revolution. It came to an end to the French feudalism, monarchy and took political power from the Catholic Church. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern-day governments. 

 

 

 

 Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into social groups called "Estates." The First Estate included the clergy (church leaders), the Second Estate included the nobles, and the Third Estate. Most of the taxes were used to be paid by third estate people, while the nobility lived lives of luxury and got all the high-ranking jobs. Many of the new political ideas and alliances of the French Revolution were formed in political clubs. They were called Jacobin Club, the Feuillants, the Cordeliers, and the Pantheon Club.         

 

The democratic rights and right to liberty were the most important heritage of the French revolution. This spread from France to the rest of Europe during the 19th century, where feudal systems were abolished. Later, these ideas were adopted by Indian revolutionary strugglers like Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. It seeks to represent
Bahujan Samaj, which includes Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), OBCs and religious minorities.
It gets inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and BR Ambedkar.
It has its main base in Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab.
After Kanshi Ram, Mayawati became the leader and formed government in Uttar Pradesh.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. It seeks to represent
Bahujan Samaj, which includes Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), OBCs and religious minorities.
It gets inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and BR Ambedkar.
It has its main base in Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab.
After Kanshi Ram, Mayawati became the leader and formed government in Uttar Pradesh.

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%. The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region. While this is the case in the country, the capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%.

B. Agriculture

Agriculture

Who is Napoleon

Difference between acid and base

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non-violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat and Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

↪ Here's your answer friend, ⏩The ideology of Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi was in this way : ⏩It was a philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.  ⏩It is Sanskrit word in which satya means truth and agrah means path which altogether mean to walk on a path of truth. ⏩Satyagraha means a mass agitation without any violence.  ⏩It was started by Mahatma Gandhi to end the British Raj in INDIA.  ↪ Some examples are :  1) Champaran Satyagraha 1917 2) Ahemdabad Satyagraha 1918 3) Kheda Satyagraha 1918 4) Rowlatt Satyagraha 1919 ⭐ Hope it helps you : ) ⭐

After some time Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution, while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution, and abstained from voting himself.
In the 1929 Lahore Congress session, Jawaharlal Nehru, presidented over the session where he gave the call for purna swaraj and declared 26 January 1930 as the independece day across the whole country.

Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

 Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. ... The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions. Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world.India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world. Pulses account for around 20 per cent of the area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10 per cent of the total foodgrains production in the country. Though pulses are grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons, Rabi pulses contribute more than 60 per cent of the total production.Gram is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per cent in the total production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 to 20 per cent and Urad/Black Matpe and Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are the top five pulses producing States. Productivity of pulses is 764 kg/ha.Pul s es India are generally cultivated on marginal lands and under rain-fed conditions. Therefore, only 15% of the area guarantee any assured irrigation. The production of pulses have high level of fluctuation especially due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Also the prices have fluctuations due to lack of effective support system from the government. As a result of this, farmers are not very keen on opting for pulse cultivation in spite of higher rise in prices in recent years. Farmers are opting for other cash rich crops instead of pulses due to better return and lower risk exposure.  In spite of such factors, there has been improvement in the yields over the years and resulted in higher production of pulse. But our yield is still lower compared to other countries due to poor spread of improved varieties of crops and technologies too, sudden climate changes, exposure to pests and diseases and general declining trend of the growth rate of production. Government has taken enough steps and introduced support systems to improve this condition over the recent years. This has resulted in above normal growth in the area of pulse production in recent years. There has been less than 1% growth annually in pulse production in recent years  in India which is less than even half the growth rate of the population in the country. This resulted in a sharp decline in the availability of pulses which had a bearing on the consumption too. The government intervened and National Food Security Mission for pulses was enforced.  As a result, there has been a major increase in pulse consumption in the last four years due to higher production and larger imports of some pulses.

12000$ or above according to world bank considered as rich country with census of 2012

1 ) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II . 2) Italy was divided into 7 states in which only Sardinia-Piedmont was the only region ruled by a Italian Princely house. 3) The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain. 4) The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini like the Young Italy and the Young Europe. 5) Count Cavour with his tack full diplomacy with France defeated the Austrians and freed the northern Italy. 6) Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies. 7) Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.

 

• Italy was politically fragmented into various small states which were ruled by monarchies.
• During the mid-nineteenth century, only the state of Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by the Italian monarchy. The northern states were under the Austrian monarchy, Central Italy was under the control of the Pope and the states in the south were under the control of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a revolutionary who actively supported the unification of the Italian states. For achieving this aim, he formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• The state of Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of fulfilling this task after the failed uprisings in 1831 and 1848. The king of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, was actively helped by his Chief Minister Cavour. Cavour led the process of the unification of Italy.

• In 1859, the state of Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrians. In 1860, the Italian forces helped by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers marched into southern Italy and unified it with Italy.
• King Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy. The complete unification of Italy was achieved in 1871.

Victor emmanuel ।।

1 ) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II . 2) Italy was divided into 7 states in which only Sardinia-Piedmont was the only region ruled by a Italian Princely house. 3) The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain. 4) The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini like the Young Italy and the Young Europe. 5) Count Cavour with his tack full diplomacy with France defeated the Austrians and freed the northern Italy. 6) Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies. 7) Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.

Count Camillo de Cavour was Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

A republican, he contributed to the Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland" .Garibaldi was the most celebrated of Italian freedom fighters. He played an instrumental role. In 1833, he joined the 'Young Italy' movement and participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. In 1860, Garibaldi led the famous expedition of the Thousand to South Italy.Giuseppe Garibaldi is best known for his military leadership in the unification

Thank you ???

Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed that God has intended the nations to be the natural units of mankind, So he did not want Italy to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German States. Young Italy was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, Republican Nation." Mazzini, an Italian nationalist was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Often viewed in Italy of the time as a god-like figure, the antifascist Mazzini Society, founded in the United States in 1939 by Italian political refugees, took his name; they, like him, served Italy from exile. IF YOU WANT TO SCORE GOOD MARKS IN SOCIAL STUDIES ESPECIALLY HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE PLEASE READ NCERT AS MANY TIMES AS YOU CAN . I KNOW THEY ARE LENGTHY BUT TO SCORE GOOD MARKS YOU MUST.

September 1920

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.

Everything available in our environment to fullfill our need

Everything available in our environment to satisfy our need is termed as resource. A stock or supply of money, materials ,staff, and other assets that can be drawn by a person or Organisation in order to function effectively is called as a resource. And it should be technological e accessible economically feasible and culturally acceptable examples of resources are soil, forest, land, fossil fuels etc....

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, is called a resource. It should be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Only then, it can be termed as a 'Resource'. Examples: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc.

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• After returning to India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in a number of places.
• In the year 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• Later in the year 1917, he organised another satyagraha movement to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat who were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic. The peasants of Kheda place were not able to pay the revenue, and were demanding for the revenue collection to be relaxed.
• In the year 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst the cotton mill workers at the mill.

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Satyagraha movements were successfully organised by Mahatma Gandhi in various places after arriving in India. He organised a satyagraha at Champaran in Bihar in 1916 to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. 
 He then organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat, in 1917.
  A satyagraha movement was organised in Ahmedabad, in 1918, amongst cotton mill workers.

Political parties necessary because: 1.they form government i.e they run the government 2.they contest elections 3.the party which lose the elections becomes the opposition party and criticise the ruling party for its bad decisions and failure hence made the government more transparent 4.they provides the citizens access to government machinery and welfare programs 5.they provide the people right to choose or not reject a representative by putting different types of belives and assuring them to start different schemes

Hope you got it ?

Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party in democracy can be understood from the given points

• If every elected representative is independent, then no one will make promise for any major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always uncertain. Non-party based Panchayat election also create same problems.
  The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
• As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
• Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They talk about the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for the upliftment of masses. Political party acts as a link between government and masses.
  Thus, political parties are necessary for democracy.

Growth and Status of Different Sectors in India

Closely observe the given graphs. The first graph shows the rupee-wise turnover of various sectors in 1973 and 2003. The second graph shows the share of three sectors in the GDP during these 20 years and last graph shows share in providing employment.

The first graph shows a massive increase in turnover for all these sectors during 20 years, which shows the way our economy grew.

The second graph shows that share of agriculture decreased substantially and that of industry remained static and share of services grew. Particularly the growth of share of services sector was phenomenal from 35% to 55%.

Now the third graph paints a distressing picture. The share in providing employment was not in tune with the share in GDP. The agriculture provided employment to 75% workers and this decreased to 60% in 2000, which is not as big a drop as agriculture’s drop in GDP contribution. On the other hand, the growth in employment provided by other two sectors was substantially low.

Local self-government refers to a government which is formed by people living in the same locality. People elect their representatives from the same locality as they are aware of the problems of that area.

There are two types of local self-governing bodies in India:

1. Rural
2. Urban

Coffee and tea

Two Agro Based Industries and Mineral based industries.

On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:

• Agro based: Agro based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural products.
  For example, Textiles, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.
• Mineral based: Mineral based draw their raw material from minerals.
  For example, Iron and Steel industries, cement, machine holes, petrochemicals, etc.