Central government has made Hindi language compulsory in schools to popularise Hindi language

The old alluvial soil is known as Bangar whereas the new alluvial soil is called Khadar.
Bangar:It is coarse grained and dark in colour. It is lesser fertile.
Khadar:It is fine grained and light in colour. It is more fertile

Accumulation of resources which in turn divided the society into rich and poor
indiscriminate use of resources causing various global ecological crisis such as

• global warming
• depletion of the ozone layer
• environmental pollution and land degradation

Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature. As a result, human beings used them indiscriminately. This led to the following major problems:-

Depletion of resources for the greed of few. Accumulation of resources in a few hands which in turn, divided the society into rich and poor. Indiscriminate use of resources causing various global ecological crises such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, environmental pollution & land degradation.

Agenda 21 sought to provide a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups. The Rio Declaration established 27 principles intended to guide sustainable development around the world. Agenda 21 addresses the development of societies and economies by focusing on the conservation and preservation of our environments and natural resources.

1. Power sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of other. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions.
2. Power sharing among governments at different levels : Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government.
3. Power sharing among different social groups : In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.
4. Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation:

1. The shaping of nationalist feeling and its expression was helped by art and poetry, stories and music.
2. Romantic artists and poets generally strongly criticised reason and science in their glorified forms.
3. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore, recovered an ancient national spirit, as well as carried the modern nationalist message to large audiences that were mostly illiterate.

Soil conservation is a methodology to maintain soil fertility, prevent soil erosion and exhaustion, and improve the degraded condition of the soil.

1. Check open cultivable lands on slopes from farming.
2. Lands with a slope gradient of 15-25 percent should not be used
3. If at all the land is to be used for agriculture, terraces should carefully be made.
4. Contour bunding, Contour terracing, regulated forestry, controlled grazing, cover cropping, mixed farming and crop rotation to conserve soil.
5. Integrated land-use planning, therefore, seems to be the best technique for proper soil conservation.
6. Lands should be classified according to their capability, land use maps should be prepared and lands should be put to the right uses.

To conclude, people are concerned about different aspects of consumer awareness i.e. their rights and duties, certified products, MRP, date of manufacturing and expiry of the products they used, Consumer Courts etc as far as urban area is concerned. They must have awareness about their rights and duties.

1. The right of inheritance leading to division of land among successive generations has rendered land holding size uneconomical.
2. The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood.
3. A piece of land keeps divinding among the generations of farmers .
4. As a result of continued division the piece of land becomes smaller and smaller and eventually insufficient even to fullfill the family needs 
5. Thus there is enormous pressure on agricultural land

Marie Antoinette famously asked the French poor to “eat cake” if bread was not available. Social disparities leading to a famine caused by rising bread prices, had hit the poor poorly. On 5th October 1789 women, unable to feed their families and outraged by the chronic shortage of bread, converged in the market place of Paris in a riotous mood. One young woman struck a drum and forced a nearby church to toll its bells for the crowd to gather. As it swelled nearly ten thousand women marched towards Versailles Palace —looting the armoury on their way. Armed with cannons and spears, they broke the heavily fortified palace gates that men had been, until then, unable to breach to place their demands to the King. It took them six hours to travel twenty-one miles from Paris to Versailles and less than twenty four hours to set the momentum for change. This was the defining moment of the French revolution that gave the Republic its constitution based on “Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite”. This was also the beginning of modern day feminist movement based on the same ethos of liberty, equality and fraternity that fanned out to the world.

The demand for social and political reform was pushed forward by the modern day feminists of Paris through their bold March to Versailles. Threatened by women's power and ability to bring tumultuous change, French men, crushed the feminist movement of the post revolution days; organised women's groups were banned. Women were denied the rights of active citizenship and relegated to their 'natural roles'—to stay home and tend to the family. Earlier, during the “enlightenment” years in the 1750s, when the French needed women to support their cause, Louis de Jaucourt wrote, "it would be difficult to demonstrate that the husband's rule comes from nature, in as much as this principle is contrary to natural human equality . . . a man does not invariably have more strength of body, of wisdom, of mind or of conduct than a woman . . . women can succeed equally . . .”

Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation. Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable development. There are many ways of conserving resources. Each person can contribute by reducing consumption, recycling and reusing thing. Ultimately it makes a difference because all our lives are linked.
Most of the natural resources are limited in stock. Even some of the renewable resources can become scarce if they are not used judiciously. Scientists predict that coal and petroleum are going to be exhausted in the near future. Hence, it is important to conserve natural resources. Conservation not only secures our life but also the lives of future generations.

Yes goal for development can be varied for example, a farmer wants cheap fertilisers, a labour wants full employment and satisfactory wages like wise our parents may want good school for us etc, so everyone is free to choose their goal but cannot snatch others freedom to fulfill own need and goals

The Chauri Chaura incident took place on 4 February 1922 at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces (modern-day Uttar Pradesh) in British India, when a large group of protesters participating in the non-cooperation movement, clashed with police who opened fire

The purpose and decisions of the Congress of Vienna was to implement a long-term peace strategy for Europe by establishing critical arguments originating from the Napoleonic Wars.

Both the statements are true but their meanings are different. Two people may have different developmental goals but they need not always be conflicting. For example, the developmental goal of different people may differ according to their status. A girl from a rich family may want the same freedom as her brother, may want to go on foreign trips, own a costly mobile, may want to study abroad etc. But a girl from a poor family will consider going to school and enjoying with friends as her developmental goal. Here the developmental goals are not conflicting.  An example of conflicting developmental goal can be the construction of a flyover to reduce waiting period at a railway crossing. This can be a developmental goal for an office goer. But if the construction of the flyover necessitates demolition of slums, it can be contradictory for the slum dwellers. But on the other hand, 24-hour electricity supply would be a developmental goal for almost each and every person.

Environmental degradation is currently a global issue that is the core subject matter of discussions and debates all over the world. The fact is that environmental degradation cannot be restricted by the national or state boundaries to a specific area or location that is causing such degradation may be. Its consequences are felt in the surrounding states or nations or sometimes globally as well.
For instance, let's take the example of air pollution. Air pollution through massive thermal power plants and other industries, in India, may cause pollution in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.
Thus, our neighbours also experience an increase in asthma and other respiratory diseases due to pollution mainly caused by us. Acid rain, climate change, etc. are some issues which are transcontinental consequences. Deforestation in Brazil (the Selvas) has caused a disturbance in the rainfall pattern throughout South America.
Land degradation and conditions like a dam - burst in China affect India and Bangladesh as it causes massive silt deposition and floods. Now, environmental protection is a major issue globally and is taken seriously by almost all countries. Discussions take place on international levels among environmentalists and heads of states to fight the menaces.