In 1834, zollverein or customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid 1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region. After the Franco - Chinese war the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam and, in 1887, French Indo-China was formed.

In modern democracies power sharing arrangements are in many forms like
(i) Horizontal Distribution of Powers—In this form of power sharing, power is assigned by the constitution among different organs of government such as the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
• Distribution ensures separation of powers among the organs at the same level so none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
• Each organ puts check on others in order to maintain balance of power under the system of check and balance. For example, legislature puts check on executive through no confidence motion, adjournment motion etc.
(ii) Vertical Distribution of Powers
• In this type of power sharing, power is shared at the different levels of government like National level and State level.
• The general government for the country is known, as ‘Union Government’ or ‘Federal Government’ and the government at the constituent units is known as regional or state level government.
• In India and Belgium there are three levels of government, i.e., local and community level government which is uniformly known as the Federal Division of powers.
As this form of power sharing involves sharing of power from higher to lower levels, so, it is known as the vertical division of power sharing.
(iii) Power sharing among different social groups
• In another way power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.
• Among the minorities, the power is shared through the provision of reserved constituencies and women are given empowerment through reserved seats.
(iv) Power sharing among Political Parties
Sometimes power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups control the power.
• The best example of power sharing among political parties is the form of coalition government.
• Regarding power sharing among pressure groups and movements they participate by becoming the member of the governmental committee.

Prudential reasons: power sharing avoids social conflicts. Social conflicts lead to violence and political instability. So by adopting power sharing we can avoid political instability. In India reservations are done to sc and st communities so that they feel that they are part of the nation.
Moral reasons: power sharing is the spirit of democracy. A true democratic governance include the wish of the people. people can form associations to citizen the govt. policies which makes govt. to rethink about its policies this active participation is only possible because of moral reasons of power sharing.

Prudential reasons: power sharing avoids social conflicts. Social conflicts lead to violence and political instability. So by adopting power sharing we can avoid political instability. In India reservations are done to sc and st communities so that they feel that they are part of the nation.

Moral reasons: power sharing is the spirit of democracy. A true democratic governance include the wish of the people. people can form associations to citizen the govt. policies which makes govt. to rethink about its policies this active participation is only possible because of moral reasons of power sharing.

1. In Local Self Government people can obtain their democratic rights.
2. power can be properly decentralized and every individual can get the scope to develop his or her personality fully and properly.
3. The local self-governmental institutions are the best centers for imparting democratic thoughts and education.
4. The local self-government creates that scope for enjoying democracy.
5. The Local Self-government generally unites the people with democracy and encourages them to participate in its activities without any bias or prejudice.
6. the local self- government is conducive to equality and liberty and the perfect medium for satisfying the needs and grievances of the people at local and regional level.