The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual milestone published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). As of 2013 the last decade saw convergence in human development indicators (HDI) values globally, although progress was uneven within and between regions. This notion of development  implies leading a good quality life where individuals develop themselves to the fullest.
It includes providing good education, health facilities. This gives us a broader picture of development as specified by Human Development index. It includes the qualitative aspect of development.

The World Development Report (WDR) is an annual report published since 1978 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank. Each WDR provides in-depth analysis of a specific aspect of economic development. It focuses on development in the conventional sense that would mean rise in per capita income and growth in the economy while comparing countries. It takes into account the quantitative aspect of development and does not give a broader perspective about the notion of development

The word ‘federation’ has not been used in the constitution of India, but the Indian Union was formed on the basis of federalism.
The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government. The Union Government or Central Government represents the Union of India and the State governments represent the provinces. Later, a third tier was added in the federation; with the formation of Panchayats and Municipalities.

In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh a famous Vietnamese communist revolutionary established the Vietnamese Communist party also known as Vietnam Cong San Dang. 
Communism is a political ideology that believes in establishment of equal and class less society. Common ownership and control of means of production are important facets of a communist state. 
In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam in order to make imperial gains in Southeast Asia. The League for the Independence of Vietnam also known as the Vietminh fought with Japan and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945.
Hence, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became its Chairman. The battle of Dien Bien Phu convinced the Vietnamese of their ability to fight and strategic planning.
After the French defeat, the peace negotiations took place in Geneva and Vietnam was divided into two parts; North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took control of North Vietnam while Bao Dai’s regime was to look after South Vietnam.
In 1945, the declaration of Independence of Vietnam was adopted, inspired by the Declaration of Independence of United States and of France. In South Vietnam the Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem, an authoritarian.
The opposition got united as the National Liberation Front or NLF and resisted Ngo Dinh Diem dictatorial rule. NLF fought for the unification of the country with the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north Vietnam.
The rise of communism in Vietnam and the adjoining areas threatened the US. In order to intervene in the developing situation the US sent its troops to Vietnam. 

(i) The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918.
• It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by taxes.
• Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for common people.
• Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food.
• Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic.
• Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.
(ii) Gandhiji’s Return and Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 where he had successfully fought against the racist regime with his new method of mass agitation and nonviolence known as Satyagraha. In India he launched satyagraha movements at various places. These satyagrahas provided base to the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(iii) The Rowlatt Act : The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The act provided enormous powers to police. The police got the power to arrest anyone without any trial. The aim of the act was to repress political activities.

Guilds were the merchant associations during industrial revolution in Europe.

In modern democracies power sharing arrangements are in many forms like
(i) Horizontal Distribution of Powers—In this form of power sharing, power is assigned by the constitution among different organs of government such as the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
• Distribution ensures separation of powers among the organs at the same level so none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
• Each organ puts check on others in order to maintain balance of power under the system of check and balance. For example, legislature puts check on executive through no confidence motion, adjournment motion etc.
(ii) Vertical Distribution of Powers
• In this type of power sharing, power is shared at the different levels of government like National level and State level.
• The general government for the country is known, as ‘Union Government’ or ‘Federal Government’ and the government at the constituent units is known as regional or state level government.
• In India and Belgium there are three levels of government, i.e., local and community level government which is uniformly known as the Federal Division of powers.
As this form of power sharing involves sharing of power from higher to lower levels, so, it is known as the vertical division of power sharing.
(iii) Power sharing among different social groups
• In another way power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.
• Among the minorities, the power is shared through the provision of reserved constituencies and women are given empowerment through reserved seats.
(iv) Power sharing among Political Parties
Sometimes power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups control the power.
• The best example of power sharing among political parties is the form of coalition government.
• Regarding power sharing among pressure groups and movements they participate by becoming the member of the governmental committee.