COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X (Annual Examination) Marks: 80 Unit No. Unit Marks I Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour 26 II World of Living 23 III Natural Phenomena 12 IV Effects of Current 14 V Natural Resources 05 Total 80 Internal assessment 20 Grand Total 100 Theme: Materials Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour Chemical reactions: Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralization, oxidation and reduction. Acids, bases and salts: Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH- ions, General properties, examples and uses, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris. Metals and nonmetals: Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and properties of ionic compounds. Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous series. Periodic classification of elements: Need for classification, early attempts at classification of elements (Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s Law of Octaves, Mendeleev’s Periodic Table), Modern periodic table, gradation in properties, valency, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties. Theme: The World of the Living Unit II: World of Living Life processes: ‘Living Being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals. Reproduction:Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health- need and methods of family planning. Safe *** vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women’s health. Heredity: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: *** determination: brief introduction; Theme: Natural Phenomena Unit III: Natural Phenomena Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification. Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index. Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula (Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens. Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life. Theme: How Things Work Unit IV: Effects of Current Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R. Magnetic effects of current : Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Electric Motor, Electromagnetic induction. Induced potential difference, Induced current. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule. Theme: Natural Resources Unit V: Natural Resources Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

Given that, two resistors are connected in series gives an equivalent resistance of 10Ω. When connected in parallel, gives 2.4Ω. We need to find the individual resistance.

Equivalent resistance in series combination is :

................(1)

Equivalent resistance when connected in parallel is :

............(2)

On solving (1) and (2) we get :

So, the individual resistance are 6 ohms and 4 ohms. Hence, this is the required solution

The element which has tendency to gain electron and are electronegative in nature.

It's lead nitrate when heated lead oxide is the black residue and nitrogen dioxide is brown fume Plus oxygen is also released

Chemical reaction

Almost present on this app

The isomeric pair is butane and 2-methyl propane​.

Explanation:

The compounds having similar molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms or groups in space are called isomers and the phenomenon is called as isomerism.

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and thus different structures.

Butane  and methyl propane  are structural isomers, which have same molecular formula but different bonding patterns of atoms.

Hey

 

Plants reduce water loss by closing their stomata, developing thick cuticles, or by possessing leaf hairs to increase the boundary layer.

i) The stomata are the primary control mechanisms that plants use to reduce water loss and they are able to do so quickly. Stomata are sensitive to the environmental cues that trigger the stomata to open or close. Some plant species have stomata on both sides of the leaf while others have stomata on the lower leaf surface to minimize water loss. Special cells called guard cells control each pore’s opening or closing. When stomata are open, transpiration rates increase; when they are closed, transpiration rates decrease. Stomata are the only way plants can control transpiration rates in the short-term.

ii) The boundary layer is a thin layer of still air hugging the surface of the leaf. This layer of air is not moving. For transpiration to occur, water vapor leaving the stomata must diffuse through this motionless layer to reach the atmosphere where the water vapor will be removed by moving air. The larger the boundary layer, the slower the rates of transpiration. Plants can alter the size of their boundary layers around leaves through a variety of structural features. Leaves that possess many hairs or pubescence will have larger boundary layers; the hairs serve as mini-wind breaks by increasing the layer of still air around the leaf surface and slowing transpiration rates. Some plants possess stomata that are sunken into the leaf surface, dramatically increasing the boundary layer and slowing transpiration. Boundary layers increase as leaf size increases, reducing rates of transpiration as well.

iii)  The cuticle is the waxy layer present on all above-ground tissue of a plant and serves as a barrier to water movement out of a leaf. Because the cuticle is made of wax, it is very hydrophobic; therefore, water does not move through it very easily. The thicker the cuticle layer on a leaf surface, the slower the transpiration rate. Cuticle thickness varies widely among plant species. In general, plants from hot, dry climates have thicker cuticles than plants from cool, moist climates. In addition, leaves that develop under direct sunlight will have much thicker cuticles than leaves that develop under shade conditions. Sun leaves have much thicker cuticles than shade leaves causing slower rates of transpiration.

Write word equations for the following skeletal equations:
(a) KClO₃ →  KCl + O₂
(b) Zn + HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
(c)FeCl₂ + Cl₂ → FeCl₃
(d) CO + O₂ → CO₂
(e) Ca + O₂ → CaO
(f) Na + O_{2 →}  Na₂O
(g) NaOH + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O
(h) AgBr →  Ag + Br₂
(i) KNO₂ →   KNO₂ + O₂

_Answers:

(a) 2KClO₃  →  2KCl+ 3O₂
(b) Zn + 2HCl    →   ZnCl₂ + H₂
(c) 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂  →  2FeCl₃
(d) 2CO + O₂   →   2CO₂
(e) 2Ca + O₂ →  2CaO
(f) 4Na + O₂   → 2Na₂O
(g) 2NaOH + H₂SO₄   → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
(h) 2AgBr     → 2Ag + Br₂
(i) 2KNO₃   → 2KN0₂ + O₂

Two equations for balanced chemical equations are as follows :-- A... 2Mg +O2 -–-–-–-–> 2MgO B... C +O2-–-–-–-––-> CO2

No this is not correct full form of SCHOOL

S – Seven C – Crucial H – Hours O – Of O – Our L – Life

S-SINCERTY C-CAPACITY H-HONESTY O-ORDERLINESS O-OBIDENCE L-LEARNING

What!

Yeh

Catalyst is the increase or decrease the rate of reaction. Catalyst are three types. Promotar (+) inhibitor (-) neutral (=)

 

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change is known as catalyst.

Examples of some common catalysts are: 

Manganese dioxide: in decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide and Potassium chlorate 

Sulfuric acid: in some esterification reactions 

Vanadium(V) oxide: in oxidation of sulfur dioxide to trioxide 

Bhai vo apnai aap food banatai hai

Plants make their own food from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water with the help of chlorophyll and sunlight......☀️☀️???

Plant get their food from organic compound carbon di oxide,water, Sunlight this process called photo synthesis

See in the book

The reaction in which H2O is seperated into Hydrogen and oxygen by the use of electricity is called electrolysis.

Elaectrolysis is a kind of decomposition reaction in which energy is absorbed in form of electricity .

Those reaction carried out in electricity is known as electrolysis. By Anand sagar

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome

Acquired immuno deficiency virus (AIDS)

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Virus

Acquired immuno deficiency virus

Transfer of gene from one generation to another generation or one character to offspring

Gene flow is also known as gene migration.It is the transfer of genetic material from one generation to another generation of same species. Example the heridity which transferred from parents to their offspring s.?????????

Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another population. Examples of this include a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another, or a caribou from one herd mating with members of another herd.

Ans. Principal focus of a concave mirror is the point on its principal axis, where light rays coming parallel to principal axis actually converge after reflection from mirror.

Principal focus of Concave lens:

• ‘The concave lens’ is the diverging lens.
• When the “parallel rays of light” passes through the concave lens where the ‘refracted rays diverge’ so that they can appear to come from a single point called “the principal focus”.  
• There is some distance between “the principal focus” and “the centre of the lens”, which is called ‘the focal length’.

Compounds

Compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined chemically in a definite ratio.

Characteristics:

     1.  The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.

     2.  Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.

     3.  Compound is a homogeneous substance.

     4.  Constituent elements can be separated by chemical process.

Blood Clotting As the blood flow out from damaged blood vessel and comes in contact with external air,ruptured blood platelets of injured tissue release a substance called thromboplastin.It in the presence of Ca and few clotting factors converts prothrombin to thrombin.Prothrombin is a protein present in blood plasma. Thrombin then hydrolysis fibrinogen(large soluble protein present in blood plasma)The soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin by the action of thrombin. Fibrin forms needle like fibres.These fibres form a mesh work into which RBC become trapped and blood clot is formed(thick jelly which closes the ruptured blood vessel so that blood stop flowing)

(i) Iron react with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen. 
3Fe(s) + 4H₂O(g) → Fe₃O₄(s) + 4H₂(g) 
(ii) The reaction of calcium with water is exothermic but the heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. 
Ca(s) + 2H₂O(l) → Ca(OH)₂(aq) + H₂(g) 
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal. Potassium react violently with cold water and its reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire. 
2K(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H₂(g) + heat energy
 

Finger like projections protruding out of the body of amoeba which help them to move

Pseudopodia or "false feet" are temporary projections of cell wall. They are used by some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat.¤¤

Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in certain unicellular protists such as amoeba. Pseudopods, also called pseudopodia (singular: pseudopodium), literally means false foot. That is because they are associated with locomotion.

Crops-when plants of the same kind are grown a d cultivated at one place on a large scale is called as crop. It is also classified in rabi,kharif and zaid

Crop: When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale is called as a crop.

•   Crops are also classified on the basis of the seasons as given below:

     ▸   Kharif Crops: The crops which are grown during the monsoon (rainy) season (June-September) are called kharif crops. For example, maize, millet (bajra) and cotton crops. Seeds of these crops are sown in the beginning of the monsoon season. After maturation, these crops are harvested at the end of the monsoon season (Oct.-Nov.).

     ▸   Rabi Crops: Crops which are grown during the winter season (October-March) are called rabi crops. For example, wheat, gram and mustard. Seeds of these crops are sown in the beginning of the winter season. After maturation of crops, they are harvested at the end of the winter season (April-May).

Two resistors of resistance R₁ and R₂ are connected in series. Let I be the current through the circuit. The current through each resistor is also I. The two resistors joined in series is replaced by an equivalent single resistor of resistance R such that the potential difference V across it, and the current I through the circuit remains same. 

As , V = IR , V_{1 =} IR_{1 ,} V_{2 =} IR₂ 

                                  IR = IR_{1 +} IR₂ 

                                  IR = I (R₁ + R₂)

1)Breasts develop and enlarge. 2)Hips broadens 3)Extra fat is deposited in various parts of body like hip and thigh. 4)Fallopian tubes,******,uterus enlarges. 5)Feeling and sexual drives. 6))Hair grow under armpits,in genital area between the thigh 7) )Skin become oily and develops pimples.

Diastolic-80 mm of hg Systolic-120 mm of hg

The pressure inside the artery during ventricular systole(contraction)is called systolic pressure and the pressure in the artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation)is called diastolic pressure.The normal range of systolic pressure is about 120mm of Hg and diastolic pressure is 80mm of Hg

Types	Systolic blood pressure	Diastolic blood pressure
Definition	The amount of pressure exerts on the arteries and blood vessels.	The pressure which is exerted on the walls of the arteries.
Normal Range	In infants -95mmHg. In adults- 90-120 mmHg. Age 6 – 9 –100 mmHg.	In infants–65 mm Hg. In adults– 60-80 mmHg. Age 6 – 9 — 65 mmHg.
Ventricles of the Heart	Left ventricles contract	Fill with blood
Reading of Blood Pressure	The higher number is systolic pressure.	The lower number is the diastolic pressure.
Blood pressure inside the arteries	Maximum	Minimum.
Blood vessels	Contracts	Relaxed
Associated with the age	Increases with the individual’s age	Decreases with the individual’s age

Acidic hydrogen (h) + ions basic hydrogen oh - ions

A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. ... Rupture means to break down