Reproduction is the process in which the offspring produces it's baby or new organism of the same species.

The production of new organism from the existing organism of the same species is called reproduction.
Reproduction is essential for the survival of species on this earth. The process of reproduction ensure continuity of life on earth. Reproduction give rise to more organism with the same basic characteristics as their parents.

Types of Reproduction

There are two main methods of reproduction in living.

1. asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction.

Now

The position of the man is at the apex of most of the food chain because in a food chain The Apex position is mostly taken by carnivorous animals and in a normal food chain herbivores are the producers some small organisms are the second consumers and some much larger animals are the third consumers but we comes at the last.

Conductors,as they allow the electrones to pass through them and highest conducting metal is silver and after that copper

Conductors As they have very low resistance as well as high melting points. So as to conduct high electricity without getting burnt.

Many, but not all, fish kills in the summer result from low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water. Fish, like all other complex life forms, need oxygen to survive. They get theirs in the form of oxygen gas dissolved in the water. That's why it's important to have an aeration device, a bubbler, in your home aquarium.

Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water, so summer is the time when fish can have a hard time getting enough oxygen. Other organisms use oxygen, too, including the algae that grow in the summer and bacteria that degrade organic matter. During the day, the algae produce oxygen through photosynthesis, but at night, when photosynthesis stops, they and other organisms keep respiring, using up oxygen.

Cl- is used for making bleaching powder, pesticides, for disinfecting water H2-is used for fuels

The type of reaction in which two or more reactants are combine to form single product is called combination reaction

A combination reaction is a general category of chemical reactions. It may be defined as a chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance under suitable conditions.

Combination reactions are also known as synthesis, because in these reactions new substances are synthesized.

2 Na(s) + Cl₂ (g)  →  2NaCl(g)

When two or more elements combine to form one product then the reaction is called combination reaction.

Whenever a current carrying conductor comes under a magnetic field, there will be a force acting on the conductor. The direction of this force can be found using Fleming’s Left Hand Rule (also known as ‘Flemings left-hand rule for motors’). Similarly if a conductor is forcefully brought under a magnetic field, there will be an induced current in that conductor. The direction of this force can be found using Fleming’s Right Hand Rule. In both Fleming’s left and right hand rules, there is a relation between the magnetic field, the current and force. This relation is directionally determined by Fleming’s Left Handrule and Fleming’s Right Hand rulerespectively. These rules do not determine the magnitude but instead show the direction of any of the three parameters (magnetic field, current, force) when the direction of the other two parameters is known. Fleming’s Left-Hand rule is mainly applicable to electric motors and Fleming’s Right-Hand rule is mainly applicable to electric

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You may explain the statement by explaining the food chain..... If one trophic level organism is removed, the next levels will also get affected...... No energy flow so no ecological balance

Salts are classified as acidic salt or basic salt or neutral salt. Acidic salts have the pH lower than 7. They are formed by reaction between strong acid and weak base. Basic Salts have pH higher than 7. They are formed by reaction between weak acid and strong base. Neutral salts have pH of 7. They are formed by the reaction between strong acid and strong base.

Salts are classified as acidic salt or basic salt or neutral salt. Acidic salts have the pH lower than 7. They are formed by reaction between strong acid and weak base. Basic Salts have pH higher than 7. They are formed by reaction between weak acid and strong base. Neutral salts have pH of 7. They are formed by the reaction between strong acid and strong base.

The type of reaction in which energy is evolved is called exothermic reaction. Example - respiration The type of reaction in which energy is supplied is called endothermic reaction. Example - Photosynthesis

IT IS A REACTION IN WHICH HEAT IS RELEASED BY REACTANT EXAMPLES RESPIRATION REACTION

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Endothermic Reactions

The endothermic process is a term that describes a reaction where the system absorbs the energy from its surrounding in the form of heat. Few examples of endothermic process is photosynthesis, evaporating liquids, melting ice, dry ice, alkanes cracking, thermal decomposition, ammonium chloride in water and much more.

Exothermic Reactions

The exothermic reaction is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. It releases energy by light or heat to its surrounding. Few examples are neutralization, burning a substance, reactions of fuels, deposition of dry ice, respiration, solution of sulfuric acid into water and much more.

The inner walls of the small intestine contains millions of small projections, having finger like structure called villi that increases the inner surface space for the digestion of food ???

The inner surface of small intestine has million of tiny , finger like projection is called villi The presence of villi gives inner wall of the small intestine a very large surface area And the large inner surface area of small intestine helps in the rapid absorption of the digestive food

The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous villi which increase the surface area for absorption. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.

Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc. helps to break the complex food particles into simple ones so that these simple particles can be easily absorbed by the blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body.

Alveoli present in the lungs are covered with blood capillaries so that the exchange of gases can take place between the membranes of the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries. The blood capillaries covering alveoli have a low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations. This allows oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood.

Holozoic nutrition means nutrition as we can see in humans i.e. the nutrition which are having the processes ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the ingestion of food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body of the organism. Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Water is very necessary for photosynthesis. An experiment to show water is necessary for photosynthesis is given below:

Every plants need water for photosynthesis to make their food(glucose ). Plants absorb water through their roots. Then from roots, by their special part called xylem, water is taken up to their leaves where photosynthesis occur. Then from leaves food is distributed to different parts of the plant. So like that if plants do get water then there could be no more food produce and if there would be no more food produce then it means that there would be no more process called photosynthesis. So water is very important for photosynthesis.

(i) Water is used to transport the metabolic products from one part to the other where they are needed. So it acts as a vehicle for the transportation.
(ii) water is an electron source of photosynthesis.In this process six water molecules combine with six carbon molecules to form, oxygen and glucose.
(iii) Water is evaporated through the stomata present on the leaves. It cools the plant in the hot sunny days.
(iv) Water is necessary to maintain turgidity i.e. the pressure of water in the cells of plants which is important for the survival of plant else it will wilt. It is also required for the growth as it expands the plant cells.
(v) Water regulates the opening and closing of stomata, which in turn regulates transpiration and photosynthesis.

Requirements : A potted plant with variegated leaves - for example, Croton or money plant (variegated leaves are partly green and partly white), rice paper, pencil, white paper sheath, beaker, test tube, 70% alcohol, KL solution, water bath.

Method : Keep the potted plant with variegated leaves in dark for three days so that the leaves become free from starch. Then place the plant in bright sun light for about 6 hours. Take a variegated leaf of the potted plant kept in bright sunlight. Trace the outline of leaves and its variegated parts on the tracing paper (the variegated leaves show pale yellow spots in green leaves. These areas indicate the absence of chlorophyll). Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minute. Now boil the leaf in 70% alcohol till it decolorizes. Now dip the leaf in boiled water to make the leaf soft. Take out the leaf and stain with iodine (KL) solution. Observe the change in colour.

Observation : The blue colour appears only in those parts of leaf which were green in colour. The blue colour will not appear in variegated parts. This shows that starch formation takes place only in green (chlorophyll containing) parts of the leaf. Thus, the chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.

Sun is necessary for plant because sun gives light from which plants make their food .

To prove the necessity of sunlight in photosynthesis following steps need to do

• Take a plant with destarched leaf.
• Leaf is partially covered with black paper on which a design is cut.
• Expose this plant to sunlight for few hours and perform a starch test with iodine solution.

Observation-

• Covered leaf part shows brown colouration.
• Exposed leaf shows blue-black colour.

Result- Starch is present in the exposed leaf.
Conclusion- Leaf exposed to sunlight give iodine test, proving that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.

Aim: To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis

 Procedure:

• Take a plant with destarched leaves.
• Insert one of its leaves in a conical flask containing potassium hydroxide.
• Leave the plant in sunlight.
• After a few hours, test the particular leaf and some other leaf of the same plant for the presence of starch.

Observation:

 The leaf which was inserted in the conical flask stains brown, and the other leaf which is exposed to sunlight turns blue-black.

Inference:

Potassium hydroxide in the flask absorbs carbon dioxide; thus, due to the absence of CO₂, the leaf fails to produce starch which proves that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

 

Variations are beneficial for the survival of the species. Populations of organisms fill well-defined places, or niches, in the ecosystem, using their ability to reproduce. However, niches can change because of reasons beyond the control of the organisms and could even wipe out the entire population. However, if some variations were to be present in a few individuals in these populations, there would be some chance for them to survive.

For example - If there were a population of bacteria living in temperate waters and suppose the water temperature were to be increased by global warming. Most of these bacteria would die, but the few heat resistant variants would survive and grow further. Variation is thus useful for the survival of species over time. 

Biological magnification refers to the process where toxic substances move up the food chain and become more concentrated at each level...An example of biological magnification and its danger is anu small fish that eats plankton that has been tained with mercury

Gonadotropins FSH and LH are secreted by the anterior pituitary. FSH promotes spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and LH promotes androgen production in the interstitial cells (androgens are required for attainment of reproductive maturity in males).

Osmosis	Diffusion
It is limited only to the liquid medium.	Occurs in liquid, gas and even solids.
Requires a semipermeable membrane.	Do not require a semipermeable membrane.
Depends on the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent.	Depends on the presence of other particles.
Requires water for the movement of particles.	Do not require water for the movement of particles.
Only the solvent molecules can diffuse.	Both the molecules of solute and solvent can diffuse.

Heating of ferrous sulphate

What is the activity

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Gypsum is a compound we get this compound by the heat of plaster of Paris and 1 whole 1 upon 2 H2O it gives caso4 multiply 2 H2O This is the formula of gypsum: CaSO4 .2H2O. Reaction is : CaSO4.1/2H2O+1 ---1/1 H2O ---------- CaSO4 . 2H2O

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Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate. The chemical formula of gypsum is CaSO ·2H O Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum to a temperature of 373K.When gypsum is heated to a temperature of 373k ,It loses three-Fourths of its water of crystallisation and forms Plaster of Paris. Properties 1)It is a white powder. 2)It has a very remarkable property of setting into a hard mass on wetting with water. P.O.P. should be stored in a moisture proof container.

The type of reaction in which mutual exchange of ions takes place is called double displacement reaction

The type of reaction in which mutual exchange of ions take place is called double displacement reaction

A double decomposition reaction is a type of decomposition reaction in which two constituent reactants interchange positive and negative ions and form two new compounds.
Example

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + HOH(l)

This is a wrong ans

Double decomposition reaction is that reaction in which a compound decomposes into two another compound on heating, electricity or by sunlight. Thanks & Regards Rounak May it help you

The movement of particles from from higher concentration to low concentration is called diffusion

Diffusion means movement of molecules mixing of two substance called diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules of a substance from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. Net movement means there are more molecules moving in one direction than in the opposite direction.

Example: Opening a bottle of perfume in a room will result in the gradual diffusion of the perfume from the region of higher concentration (the bottle) out into the room. Diffusion will continue until the perfume has a more or less uniform concentration throughout the bottle and room.

The movement of air from higher concentration to lower concentration

1. Receptors are the sensing molecules or elements which communicate the signal from a ligand to the cell to elicit specific physiological change.
2. They are located in the cells, tissues and help to control all most all the body organs.
3. The ligand is the one which binds to the receptor and brings in conformational changes to produce a definite effect on the body’s physiology.
4. In general, most receptors have endogenous ligands or biomolecules which can trigger a response.
5. Most receptors are named based on their endogenous ligands like serotonin receptors, acetylcholine receptors, opioid receptors.

Complete ionization :- means that the ions of a element or compound are completely lost in a solution and change into some other structures. Ex ; acid react with water to release h+ ions Partial ionization :- means that some ions of element or compound are lost in the solution. Ex

Gypsum is heated so water from it get evaporated and only some amount of water will be present so it becomes p.o.p

On heating gypsum at 373 Kelvin, it losses water molecules and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate this is called plaster of Paris. Doctor used as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position .Plaster of paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to gypsum once again hard solid mass.

Gypsum is heated upto 100 degree Celsius and water is added to it and it forms P.O.P.