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1) Each kidney is made up of more than one million microscopic and thin tubular units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules. Hence nephron is known as structural unit of kidney.
2) Nephron’s chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble sub-stances, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. Hence it is known as functional unit of kidney.
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The main function of lungs is respiration. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the thin-walled air sacs called alveoli.
The lungs are also important in the body's defense against infection and other harmful environmental factors. The lungs provide the second line of defense. Inhaled particles or infectious agents like bacteria and viruses pass through the mouth or nose and lodge in the lungs. Mucus, a sticky fluid produced in the lungs, can trap these inhaled agents and aid the lungs' protective white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils) in the engulfment and destruction of bacteria and other harmful materials.
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- Transportation can be defined as the movement of any substance from one place to another.
- Water and nutrients required for all metabolic activities should be transported in the body of plants and animals.
- The waste material or excretory products should also move to the region of excretion.
- Transportation in animal takes place through circulatory system which includes blood, blood vessels and heart.
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue consists of fluid medium called plasma.
- Functions of blood are to transport food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, salts.
- A pumping organ is necessary to push the blood around the body.
- Heart is the muscular pumping organ which pushes the blood around the body.
- Tube like structure through which carry blood to cells, tissues and organs are called as blood vessels.
- Two special blood vessels are arteries and veins.
- After reaching the organs, the arteries divide in to small branches called as capillaries.
- Heart in another component of circulatory system which is also known as pumping organ.
- Heart consists of four chambers separated by a partition to avoid mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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The small intestine is made up of 3 layers, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It contains enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin which breaks down food to the maximum possible with the help of bile from the liver. Peristalsis also takes place in this organ. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Contents of the small intestine starts from a semi-solid form till the end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.
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The phenotype is the physical appearance due to the presence of a trait. For example, tall and dwarf are the phenotypes for the trait height.
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Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. Mendel carried out his key experiments using the garden pea, Pisum sativum, as a model system. Pea plants make a convenient system for studies of inheritance, and they are still studied by some geneticists today.
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