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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 2 months ago
Nearly 99 per cent of the filtrate formed after glomerular filtration has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This process is called reabsorption. Though, this reabsorption takes place selectively allowing substances useful to be reabsorbed excluding those not needed by the body. Hence, it is called selective reabsorption. The tubular epithelial cells in different segments of nephron perform this either by active or passive mechanisms.
For example, substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively.
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 2 months ago
Drawbacks of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
1. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen is placed in group I. However, it resembles the elements of group I (alkali metals) as well as the elements of group VILA, (halogens). Therefore, the position of hydrogen in the periodic table is not correctly defined.
2. Anomalous pairs: In certain pairs of elements, the increasing order of atomic masses was not obeyed. In these cases, Mendeleev placed elements according to similarities in their properties and not in increasing order of their atomic masses. For example, argon (Ar, atomic mass 39.9) is placed before potassium (K, atomic mass 39.1). Similarly, cobalt (Co, atomic mass 58.9) is placed before nickel (Ni, atomic mass 58.6) and tellurium (Te, atomic mass 127.6) is placed before iodine (I, atomic mass 126.9). These positions were not justified.
3. Position of isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having different atomic masses but same atomic number. Therefore, according to Mendeleev’s classification, these should be placed at different places depending upon their atomic masses. For example, isotopes of hydrogen with atomic masses 1,2 and 3 should be placed at three places. However, isotopes have not been given separate places in the periodic table.
4. Some similar elements are separated and dissimilar elements are grouped together: In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, some similar elements were placed in different groups while some dissimilar elements
had been grouped together. For example, copper and mercury resembled
in their properties but they had been placed in different groups. At the same time, elements of group IA such as Li, Na and K were grouped with copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au), though their properties are quite different.
5. Cause of periodicity: Mendeleev did not explain the cause of periodicity among the elements.
6. Position of lanthanoids (or lanthanides) and actinoids (or actinides):
The fourteen elements following lanthanum (known as lanthanoids, from atomic number 58-71) and the fourteen elements following actinium (known as actinoids, from atomic number 90 – 103) have not been given separate places in Mendeleev’s table.
In order to cover more elements, Mendeleev modified his periodic table.
Posted by Taniya 5 years, 2 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 2 months ago
1. He generalized the study of the elements then known as the study of a mere groups.
2. In Mendeleev’s periodic table, he left some blank spaces. These vacant spaces were left for including elements that were not discovered at that time.
3. Mendeleev could also predict the properties of these unknown elements, on the basis of the properties of the elements lying adjacent to these vacant spaces.
He predicted the presence of three elements. They were named as Eka boron, Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon. The properties of these three elements were similar to the actual elements discovered later.
Eka-boron was similar to Scandium, Eka-aluminium was similar to Gallium and Eka-silicon was similar to Germanium.
4. When noble gases were discovered later, they could be accommodated in the periodic table in the form of a separate group without disturbing the positions of the other elements.
5. He was able to correct the values of the atomic masses of elements like gold and platinum, he placed these elements going strictly by the similarities in their properties.
Posted by 33Neelesh Sv_ 5 years, 2 months ago
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- Fossils are preserved remains of living organisms from remote past.
- Fossil mainly preserves only a portion of the dead organism (eg: skeleton, bone, teeth etc..)
- Fossils may vary from microscopic (single bacterial cell) to dinosaurs.
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A chemical equation has its own limitations. They do not provide information about:
- The physical state of reactants and products Hence, the symbols ‘s’ for solid, ‘l’ for liquid, ‘g’ for gas and ‘vap’ for vapour are added.
- Conditions such as temperature, pressure and catalyst affecting the reaction
- Concentration of reactants and products Hence, in some cases, for dilute ‘dil.’ and for concentrated ‘conc.’ are added.
- The nature of the chemical reaction; whether it is reversible or irreversible reaction.
- Speed of the reaction
- Heat changes accompanying the reaction; whether heat is given out or absorbed
- Time taken for completion of the reaction A reaction may or may not be complete, and the equation does not reveal it.
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Zero group of Mendeleev's periodic table or the group 18 of long form of periodic table is comprised of six elements and these eleements are called as inert gases as trhese elements do not react (inert) with other elements due to their octet outer electronic configaration which is stable configaration. The electronic configuration is listed in the following table.
| S.No | Element | Symbol | Atomic number | Electronic configuration |
| 1 | Helium | He | 2 | 1s2 |
| 2 | Neon | Ne | 10 | [He] 2s2sp6 |
| 3 | Argon | Ar | 18 | [Ne] 3s23p6 |
| 4 | Krypton | Kr | 36 | [Ar] 3d104s24p6 |
| 5 | Xenon | Xe | 54 | [Kr] 4d105s25p6 |
| 6 | Radon | Rn | 86 | [Xe] 4f145d106s26p6 |
Posted by Sumit Sabar 5 years, 2 months ago
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The small intestine is longer in herbivore than in carnivore because herbivores eat only grass which is full of cellulose and the digestion of cellulose takes a long time. Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The function of bile is to assist fat digestion and absorption in the gut. The length of small intestine differs in various animals depending on the food that they eat. Herbivores need a longer small intestine to allow cellulose to be digested as taken from green plants.
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An oxidizing agent (oxidant), gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction. It is also known as electron acceptor. The oxidizing agent is usually in one of its higher possible oxidation states as it will gain electrons and be reduced.
Examples of oxidizing agents are:
- potassium nitrate
- halogens
- nitric acid
A reducing agent (reductant), loses electrons and is oxidized in a chemical reaction. It is typically in one of its lower possible oxidation states and is known as an electron donor. A reducing agent is oxidized because it loses electrons in the redox reaction.
Examples of reducing agents are:
- formic acid
- the earth metals
- sulfite compounds
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