It reaches not only the tree tops, but all the parts if the tree by a special transportation tissue called xylem.

Blood is a red coloured fluid which flows inside our body... Blood is divided into two parts namely plasma and blood cell.. Plasma helps to transports food, Co2 and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form...whereas blood cells are further divided into red blood cells ( RBC or erythrocytes), white blood cells ( WBC or luecocytes) and blood platelets.... RBC's helps to carry oxygen throughout the body... WBC's helps to provide immunity and blood platelets participate in blood clotting

Blood has 2 components :- 1) fluid part i.e. plasma,,,,,,,,,,, 2) Granular part i.e. RBC, WBC and Blood Platelets,,,,,,,,, Functions :- ___________ Plasma is the fluid part of the blood which is 90% made up of water and Contains 10% organic salts, absorbed food materials, nitrogenous waste and hormones. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and protein  to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. The plasma then helps remove this waste from the body.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2)Granular components:------- (a) RBC:- its contains haemoglobin which binds with O2 and CO2 and supplies it to targeted sites............ (b) WBC:- its main function is to detect and attack foreign particles or materials, such as pathogens, entering in blood........ (c) Blood Platelets :- It prevents blood from flowing out of the vessels by forming blood clot.

There are three components of blood. (I)RBC,that provides essential nutrients to all parts of body.(2)WBC, that is responsible for anti bodies development in our body.(3) Platelet, that helps to recover our body.

The carbohydrates, proteins and fats are digested in small intestine .The enzymes present in the small intestine convert carbohydrates into glucose , fats into fatty acid and glycerol and proteins into amino acid Hope this will help ? you..

Digestion in human beings starts from mouth. In mouth, saliva is mixed with food. Salivary amylase or ptylin breaks starch (complex carbohydrates) into maltose and isomaltose and its further digestion is carried out by enzymes present in intestinal juice and pancreatic juice. Pesin breaks peptide bond of protein. Tripsin and peptidase further breaks protein into amino acid. Pancreatic lipase convertes fats into fatty acid and glycerol

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in the intestine, where they are broken down into their basic units: Carbohydrates into sugars. Proteins into amino acids. Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Function of lymph:- ✴It is to carry absorbed digested fat from intestine. ✴It also drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. ✴It also protect from various infection. Hope it helps you......

The easy experiment to demonstrate magnetic field lines is by the use of iron filings.

• Place a bar magnet above a write paper on a table.
• Using a compass mark the direction of the needle.
• Spray iron filings on the paper and tap slightly.
• Iron filings are arranged themselves in the same pattern as we drew.
• These are the magnetic field lines.

Properties

• Field lines form closed loops
• They do not cross each other
• Density of field lines reduces with increase in distance from the poles

The substance x is lime water ( calcium hydroxide) is used for testing CO2. The reaction will be formed is calcium carbonate. Ca(OH)2 +C02= CaCO3+H2O

XY2

Thanks

Answer:

In this we have to find empirical formula

So 50/10=5

And for y. 50/20=5/2

Dividing these value with 5/2

We get ratio

2:1

So simplest formula is X2Y

Sorry, but the options are - a)300% b)200% c)100% d)50% So which one will be correct?

Yes the ristence will increase 4 times

I am not sure about the answer ...but the resistance will be 4 times ...when l was solving this question I got this answer if it is wrong so plzz let me know...

DNA is a part of gene.

DNA is the part of gene

Genes are the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins.

Regulates the traits of an organism.

Gene is a specific sequence present on a short stretch of DNA.

Genes are made up of either DNA or RNA.

Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Root hair cells are adapted for this by having a large surface area to speed up osmosis. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain stomata (openings) to allow carbon dioxide into the leaf. The water and minerals get transported by xylem vessels. ... This process of osmosis continues and the suction pressure pulls the water in the xylem upwards creating a water column .

But I =4A so in place of 5 there should be 4

Given that,

Current i=4A

Time t=1s

Charge e=1.6×10⁻¹⁹C

We know that,

  Q=it

 ne=it

 n= it​/e

 n= 5×1​/1.6×10⁻¹⁹

 n=3.125×10¹⁹

 n=3125×10¹⁶

Hence, the number of electrons is 3125×10¹⁶ 

 

Given that,

Current i=5A

Time t=1s

Charge e=1.6×10−19C

We know that,

  Q=it

 ne=it

 n=eit​

 n=1.6×10−195×1​

 n=3.125×1019

 n=3125×1016

Hence, the number of electrons is 3125×1016 

Buy sample paper book like of Rachna Sagar, together with etc

Search on chrome Or check video on YouTube

Bleaching powder

• Chlorine produced on passing electricity through brine solution undergoes reaction with dry slaked lime [Ca (OH)₂] to produce Bleaching powder.
• The reaction is as follows:

• It is used for several purposes:
• As a bleaching agent for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry,
• To bleach wood pulp in paper manufacturing industry.
• To bleach washed clothes in laundry.
• As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries.
• To disinfect drinking water and make it germfree.

You idiot

sorry i cant paste image

Carbon also formed covalent bond because carbon has 4 electron on outermost call so the four electrons gain /lose for stable this is not possible to gain or lose electrons so it is also formed covalent bond Thank you

Idiot

Carbon form covalent bond because for completing its octet either it has to lose four electrons Or gain four electrons but both are not possible; so, carbon has share its electrons and making bonds by sharing of electrons is nothing but covalent bonding.

Carbon form covalent bond due to its tetravalency (4 valence electrons)

Thanks tanu I am happy that you got my point Wish you all the best for board examinations By the way what was your question?

Explain the Absorbtion of water in roots

What is question

In science section

Ya but planets reflects light which make them to shine

Because planets don't have their own lights .

Stars are so distant that they appear as pinpoints of light even when viewed through a telescope. Because all lights are coming from a single, it's path is highly susceptible to atmospheric interference. But planets appears to be larger than stars so light coming from them is less susceptible to atmospheric interference. So planets don't twinkle like stars

Stars are so distant that they appear as pinpoints of light even when viewed through a telescope. Because all lights are coming from a single, it's path is highly susceptible to atmospheric interference. But planets appears to be larger than stars so light coming from them is less susceptible to atmospheric interference. So planets don't twinkle like stars

For your kind information I also don't want to spoil my year by fighting especially with someone who is unknown to me. I saw your reaction to extra massages and I thought that you were right malaika and I supported you clicking on thanks, you can check also. But when I see this, it made me doubt about you so I wrote it. And this app is new for me so I am not so familiar with it's rule but now I know and you can check that was my last friendly msg. Wish you a happy new year and may god bless you with his blessings and hope that you will perform well in exams (gently not rudely)

Also tanu My name is Malaika not Malika

Yes this app is for study purpose But mein aapki jaise Hi Sumaila Bye Sumaila, how r u,I will help u,so sad to hear nahi karti.I only wish everyone Happy New Year. Pehle se hi bahaut hi logo ne wish ki thi toh maine bhi kar di. Aur main aapse ladh kar apna saal kharab nahi karna chahti.Wish you a happy New year.Jai Shri Krishna

I think this app is for only study purpose, isn't it? Miss Malika Sharma

Thanks

This theory was given by Atkins (1916) and Preistley (1923). According to this theory, the root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption). If the solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis. Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water. A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water. Hence, the solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water. If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues until the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, the absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life. Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion. *hope it is help for you *

Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of adenosine triphosphate, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption. According to Jenner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process, energy is not required. Active absorption is important for the plants.

So hello it is also available on Google so you can go there and search you syllabus was available ok

It on google check on google

Oswaal is one of the best sample paper for class 10.

Arihant publication which is All in one

Firstly read your necert book thoroughly then go for "together with cbse sample papers" As per the 30%reduced syllabus by CBSE

Ncert book

Science book

Guard cells have chloroplasts while other epidermal cells lack in it. Shape of guard cells is different in monocots (dumb-bell) and dicots (bean), while epidermal cells are irregular in shape in both.

Monocot and dicot plants contain stomata in their leaves as well as in their stem. The major role of stomata is to facilitate the gas exchange. They also facilitate transpiration, which helps the absorption of water from the soil and the transport of water through the xylem. The size of the stomata is controlled by a pair of guard cells. The main difference between stomata of monocot and dicot plants is that the guard cells of the monocots are dumbbell-shaped whereas the guard cells of dicot plants are bean-shaped.

Thanks

Guard cells have chloroplasts while other epidermal cells lack in it. Shape of guard cells is different in monocots (dumb-bell) and dicots (bean), while epidermal cells are irregular in shape in both.

Physical Properties of Metals

● Hard and have a high tensile strength
● Solid at room temperature
● Sonorous
● Good conductors of heat and electricity
● Malleable, i.e., can be beaten into thin sheets
● Ductile, i.e., can be drawn into thin wires
● High melting and boiling points (except Caesium (Cs) and Gallium (Ga))
● Dense, (except alkali metals). Osmium – highest density and lithium – least density
● Lustrous
● Silver-grey in colour, (except gold and copper)

Physical Properties of Nonmetals

• Occur as solids, liquids and gases at room temperature
• Brittle
• Non-malleable
• Non-ductile
• Non-sonorous
• Bad conductors of heat and electricity

• Chemical Properties of Metals

  ● Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, etc) react vigorously with water and oxygen or air.
  ● Mg reacts with hot water.
  ● Al, Fe and Zn react with steam.
  ● Cu, Ag, Pt, Au do not react with water or dilute acids.

Advantages of dams are numerous, that is the reason so much money and work goes into building and maintaining them. Some of the advantages are:

• Electricity is produced at the constant rate with the help of hydroelectricity or hydroelectric power.
• If there is no need for electricity, then the sluice gates can also be closed or stopping the generation of electricity. Water can also be saved for the use of another time as and when the demand for electricity is high hence the usage of water remains judicious.
• Dams are so designed by well-qualified engineers to span many of the decades and also can contribute to the generation of electricity for about many years or even decades to come.
• The lake or reservoir which forms behind the dam can also be used for irrigation purpose, water sports or even as other forms of pleasurable activities.Few large dams such as the Bhakra Nangal dam present in India is the tourist attractions.
• The buildup of water inside lake means that the energy can also be stored when needed and also when water is released for producing the electricity.
• When used, the produced electricity by the dams does not even produce the greenhouse gases and also hence they do not pollute the atmosphere.

Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Bowman Capsule Falkson SR, Bordoni B. Publication Details Introduction Bowman’s capsule is a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule encloses a space called “Bowman’s space,” which represents the beginning of the urinary space and is contiguous with the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Bowman’s capsule, Bowman’s space, and the glomerular capillary network and its supporting architecture can collectively be thought of as composing the glomerulus. There are an estimated 900000 glomeruli within the cortex of a mature human kidney.[1][2] Structure and Function In the kidney, the glomerulus represents the initial location of the renal filtration of blood. Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole, undergoes filtration in the glomerular capillaries, and exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole at the vascular pole. Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and participates in the filtration of blood from the glomerular capillaries. Bowman’s capsule also has a structural function and creates a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and pass to the proximal convoluted tubule. Liquid and solutes of the blood must pass through multiple layers to move from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space to ultimately become filtrate within the nephron’s lumen. The first step of filtration occurs through the endothelial layer of the capillaries, which is composed of fenestrated endothelial cells.[3] These fenestrations, or slits between endothelial cells, are approximately 60 to 80 nm wide and restrict the movement of matter above this size.[4][5][6][7] In addition to filtering based on size, the fenestrated endothelium carries negative charges that preferentially restrict the movement of negatively charged substances into Bowman’s space.[8][9][10] Filtrate next moves through the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). From the direction of the capillaries and moving towards Bowman’s capsule, three layers compose the GBM – the lamina rara interna, the lamina densa, and the lamina rara externa. Mesangial cells within the glomerulus play a role in creating and maintaining the GBM, as well as holding capillary loops together.[11] Following the GBM, filtrate must pass through the epithelial layer of Bowman’s capsule, which is composed of podocytes. The podocytes feature finger-like projections of cytoplasm referred to as “foot processes” or “pedicels.” These foot processes interdigitate with one another and create a further barrier through which filtrate must pass. Structures called “slit diaphragms” bridge nearby foot processes and provide structural support. The podocytes are the primary cells of the epithelium adjacent to the capillaries (the visceral epithelium) and play a role in filtration. The parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsule is the outer layer and is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells called “parietal cells.” The parietal layer is not directly involved with filtration from the capillaries. Parietal cells play a structural role in maintaining Bowman’s capsule and are also speculated to have the ability to differentiate into podocytes to replace damaged or old podocytes.[12][13][14][13] Bowman’s space is the area between the visceral and parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsule. In summary, filtrate entering Bowman’s space traverses through glomerular capillaries, the GBM, and the interdigitated foot processes of the podocytes and is filtered based on size and electric charge. The filtrate entering Bowman’s space has a very similar composition to that of the blood in the glomerular capillaries except for the protein, and cell content as these are the components largely prevented from entering Bowman’s space when glomerular filtration is functioning properly. Embryology Two embryological precursor structures – the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud – interact to form the human kidney.[15][16] The metanephric mesenchyme contains, among other progenitor cell types, nephron progenitor cells. The nephron progenitor cells give rise to various cell types of the nephron, including the podocytes and glomerular parietal epithelial cells that compose Bowman’s capsule.[16][17] The metanephric mesenchyme is also known as metanephric mesoderm, metanephrogenic blastema, and metanephric blastema. The RET (REarranged during Transfection) gene is crucial for the correct formation between the metanephric mesenchyme and renal development. The gene encodes a protein/receptor. The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is activated by a growth factor (glial cell growth factor - GDNF), initiating the development of the cell. The metanephric mesenchyme appears in the fifth week of gestation from the mesoderm. Blood Supply and Lymphatics The blood supply to the glomerulus ultimately comes from the renal arteries (one renal artery supplies each kidney), which comes off of the abdominal aorta. At the renal hilum, the renal artery branches many times as it travels through the kidney. First, it branches into the segmental artery, which branches into various interlobular arteries, which travel to the renal cortex and become arcuate arteries. The afferent arterioles ultimately branch off of these arcuate arteries to supply blood to the glomerular capillaries within the glomerulus.[18] Once blood passes through the glomerular capillaries, it exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole. From the efferent arteriole, blood enters a second capillary network, the peritubular capillaries, before exiting the kidney through the renal vein and ultimately entering the inferior vena cava. The renal lymphatic system, in general, is much more abundant in the renal cortex than in the medulla.[19] Many lymphatic vessels in the renal cortex appear to begin blindly close to Bowman’s capsule, with some lymphatic vessels either partially or fully surrounding Bowman’s capsule.[20][21] Lymphatic vessels within the kidney generally track the same course as the renal vasculature before leaving the kidney.[19] Lymphatics from the left kidney drain into the paraaortic, preaortic, and the retroaortic lymph nodes.[22] Those from the right kidney drain into the paracaval, precaval, interaortacaval, and retrocaval lymph nodes.[22] Lymph from both kidneys can also drain into lymphatic systems posterior to the aorta.[23] Ultimately, all lymph from the renal system funnels into the thoracic duct.[23] Nerves The kidney receives innervation by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves.[24] The effects of renal sympathetic and sensory innervation on renal hemodynamics and filtrate entering Bowman’s space are well described. By contrast, the precise effects of parasympathetic renal innervation, supplied by the Vagus nerve, are less well characterized in the literature. The sympathetic fibers innervating the kidney arise from the prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia and give rise to postganglionic neurons that largely track with the renal artery towards the kidney and intrarenal vasculature within the kidney.[24][25] Relative to the glomerulus, sympathetic fibers more heavily innervate the afferent arteriole than the efferent arteriole.[24][26] Sympathetic stimulation within the kidney leads to vasoconstriction.[24][27][28] Therefore, increased sympathetic stimulation to the kidney should constrict the afferent arteriole more than the efferent arteriole, yielding a net decrease in glomerular filtration rate and thus a decrease in filtrate entering Bowman’s space.[28] Sensory nerves within the kidney concentrate in the renal pelvic area.[28][29][30][31][32] These nerves activate upon distention of the renal pelvic wall and have an overall inhibitory effect on renal sympathetic stimulation.[28] As a result, increased renal sensory activation will lead to a reversal of the effects of sympathetic stimulation at the glomerulus leading to relatively more afferent arteriolar dilation than efferent arteriolar dilation, yielding an increase in glomerular filtration pressure, and thus more filtrate entering Bowman’s space. Muscles Smooth muscle in the afferent and efferent arterioles play a role mediating the glomerular filtration rate and pressure, forcing filtrate into Bowman’s space. Several important mechanisms regulate smooth muscle in the afferent and efferent arterioles. One such mechanism, the myogenic response, occurs when the afferent arteriole feels stretch from increased blood flow. In response, the smooth muscles of the afferent arteriole will contract, decreasing blood flow to the glomerulus and ultimately decreasing filtrate into Bowman’s space.[33] A second mechanism occurs when the afferent arteriole senses less stretch from passing blood flow. In response, the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole, a type of specialized smooth muscle cell, secrete renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which has many effects; prominent among these is to increase blood pressure. Angiotensin II production occurs through RAAS, which, among other functions, preferentially constricts the efferent arteriole. This constriction increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries and thus filtrate entering Bowman’s space.[33] A third mechanism is tubuloglomerular feedback. In this process, macula densa cells of the thick ascending limb of the nephron secrete the paracrine mediators ATP, adenosine, and thromboxane in response to increased delivery of electrolytes through the nephron (a proxy for sensing increased glomerular filtration rate). These mediators dilate the efferent arteriole, yielding less glomerular filtration pressure, and thus less filtrate entering Bowman’s space.[33] As discussed previously, sympathetic stimulation offers a fourth mechanism of regulation, as such stimulation preferentially constricts the afferent arteriole, yielding less filtrate entering Bowman’s space.[28] In general, constriction of the afferent arteriole or dilation of the efferent arteriole will decrease pressure in the glomerular capillaries, creating less pressure driving filtrate into Bowman’s space. By contrast, dilation of the afferent arteriole or constriction of the efferent arteriole will increase pressure in the glomerular capillaries, creating more pressure driving filtrate into Bowman’s space. Surgical Considerations Healthy glomeruli, including Bowman’s capsule and Bowman’s space, are necessary for the proper functioning of the kidney. All glomeruli exist within the cortex of the kidney. Thus those performing renal operations should strive to maintain as much renal cortex as possible to preserve glomeruli and renal function.[34] Clinical Significance The glomerulus is clinically significant because it is the location where filtration in the kidney begins. All actions of the nephron downstream of the glomeruli rely on the passage of filtrate from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space. Several diseases can affect the glomerulus. These diseases broadly divided into those presenting as nephrotic syndrome and those presenting as nephritic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria of greater than 3.5 grams of protein per day, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.[34][35] The nephritic syndrome is characterized by oliguria, hematuria, red blood cell casts in the urine, proteinuria under 3.5 grams of protein per day, and hypertension.[35] Some of the major causes of the nephrotic syndrome are minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis.phrotic syndromes are generally the result of damage to the foot processes of the podocytes or the GBM. Some of the major causes of the nephritic syndrome include post-infectious glomerulonephritis, infective endocarditis, IgA nephropathy, Lupus nephritis, Goodpasture disease, and vasculitis.[35] Nephritic syndromes generally result from damage to the glomerular capillary endothelium or the GBM. Other Issues Dysfunction of podocytes (cells in close contact with Bowman's capsules) causes a deterioration of glomerular function. Bowman's capsules and Bowman's space are essential to protect the function of the glomerulus because they prevent the infiltration of leukocytes (macrophages and CD4 + and CD8 + T cells). Preventing the accumulation of leukocytes protects the function of the podocytes.[36] In Bowman's capsules, there are cells with self-renewal properties, which can transform into podocytes. This event is more frequent when the structure needs repair, for example, in the presence of diabetes, such as a safety valve. The mechanism becomes stimulated by the decrease in Gas1 (Growth Arrest-Specific 1).[37] One of the causes of the presence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and crescentic glomerulonephritis is the accumulation of cuboidal cells or cuboidal parietal epithelial cells (PECs) in Bowman's capsule. These cuboidal PECS can create a metabolic environment that leads to the formation of sclerotic lesions, leading to kidney damage.

Thank u

Bowman capsule surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and participates in the filtration of blood from the glomerular capillaries.

Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac

ANSWER

The DNA copies are produced during the process of cellular division. The new DNA copies which are synthesised during replication may not be identical to the original one, This may be due to the introduction of the mutations during the replication process. Mutations are random genetic changes. There are repair mechanisms which correct the mutations incorporated in the DNA. However, there many be some errors which remain in the new DNA. So, it is not necessary that the copies may be identical at times. 

ANSWER:

The resources should be equitably distributed for the benefit of every individual who is a part of the society. The equal distribution will allow the flow of the resources in every generation and will make sure that everyone makes sustainable use of the resources. The resources should not be exploited by anyone. The forces acting against such type of distribution are 1. Huge amount of resources in the hands of certain people and 2. limited amount of resources available in the nature.