The Jacobin government followed the policy of severe control and punishment. All those who were regarded as the enemy of the republic were arrested and tried by tribunal. If found guilty they were guillotined. Even Luis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on charge of treason. Finally, opposition to such severe control began to grow and was responsible for the fall of the Jacobin government.

Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
• Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.

1. It led to the abolition of monarchy and paved ways for democratic government.
2. The National Assembly was constituted and a new constitution was made.
3. It ended the privilege based on birth.
4. The Declaration of Rights Of Man and citizens upheld the right of life, freedom of speech and opinion.

Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place only one type of tree was planted in straight rows, called as plantation. This is known as scientific forestry.

In the colonial period, cultivation expanded for a variety of reasons. These are
(i) In Europe, food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population. The demand for wheat increased largely in the 19 th century.
(ii) The colonial rulers considered the expansion of cultivation as a sign of progress.
(iii) The British government directly encouraged the production of commercial crops, like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton to get more profit.
(iv) Europe needed raw materials for industrial production.
(v) In the early 19th century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive so forests had to be brought under cultivation and land could yield agricultural products and revenue. In this way the income of the state enhanced.
Thus, it can be concluded that expansion of cultivation is a sign of progress.

1.​Being a part of Northern plains the Ganga plain extends from Ghaggar to Teesta rivers. .
2.​Spreads over the states of Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
3. Very fertile agriculturaly productive land covered with alluvial soil deposited by the three main rivers and their tributaries.
4. Thick mangrove and evergreen forests are found in Ganga deltas.
5. Major crops grown in this area are Rice, Wheat, Maize and Sugarcane etc.
6. Densely populated region.
7. Plain becomes progressively drier toward the west where it incorporates the Thar Desert .

Peninsular plateau was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus making it a part of the oldest landmass.The Gondwana land included India,Australia,South Africa,South America and Antarctica as one single landmass.The convectional currents split the crust into a number of pieces,thus leading to drifting of the Indo-Australian plate after being seperated from the Gondwana land.

Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889.The fourth of six children, Adolf Hitler was born to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. As a child, Hitler clashed frequently with his emotionally harsh father, who also didn't approve of his son's later interest in fine art as a career. Following the death of his younger brother, Edmund, in 1900, Hitler became detached and introverted. Hitler showed an early interest in German nationalism, rejecting the authority of Austria-Hungary. This nationalism would become the motivating force of Hitler's life.In 1913, Hitler relocated to Munich. At the outbreak of World War I he applied to serve in the German army. He was accepted in August 1914, though he was still an Austrian citizen .After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich and continued to work for the German military. 

As an intelligence officer, he monitored the activities of the German Workers’ Party (DAP) and adopted many of the anti-Semitic, nationalist and anti-Marxist ideas of party founder Anton Drexler. In September 1919, Hitler joined the DAP, which changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) — often abbreviated to Nazi.

Hitler personally designed the Nazi party banner, appropriating the swastika symbol and placing it in a white circle on a red background. He soon gained notoriety for his vitriolic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, Marxists and Jews. In 1921, Hitler replaced Drexler as the Nazi party chairman.With millions unemployed, the Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic and increasingly open to extremist options. With millions unemployed, the Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic and increasingly open to extremist options. 

Adolf Hitler was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, serving as dictator and leader of the Nazy Party or National Socialist German Workers Party, for the bulk of his time in power. Hitler’s policies precipitated World War II and led to the genocide known as the Holocaust, which resulted in the deaths of some six million Jews and another five million noncombatants. With defeat on the horizon, Hitler committed suicide with wife Eva Braun on April 30, 1945, in his Berlin bunker.

The green revolution was limited only to increased production of wheat because the High Yielding Variety seeds were only available for wheat. It was limited to a few regions only because the green revolution involves usage of inputs like HYV seeds, irrigation which were mostly available in northern India or western Uttar Pradesh and only the rich farmers could afford that.