A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or society's ability to cope using its own resources.

1. Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders had drafted a constitution for India popularly known as Nehru Report of 1928.
2. In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent India’s constitution should look like.
3. The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule also helped develop an agreement over the institutional design.
4. The experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions, when they formed Congress ministries in 1937 proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them. The Indian constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act 1935.
5. Many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French Revolution, the practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US.
6. The socialist revolution in Russia had inspired many Indians to think of shaping a system based on social and economic equality. Yet they were not simply imitating what others had done. At each step they were questioning whether these things suited our country.

Nelson Mandela fought against white domination in South Africa. He cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.
The South African government tried him for treason and imprisoned him for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country. Mandela spent 28 years in South Africa’s most dreaded prison, Robben Island.
After 28 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela was released. On 26th April 1994, the new national flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfurled marking the newly born democracy in the world. Nelson Mandela was made the first President of this new democracy.

The socia and political conditions in Russia, before 1905 was quite backward.
Social inequality was very prominent among the working class. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves on a higher plane than the untrained worker. Workers had strong links to the villages they came from and this also caused a social divide among workers.
Compared to other European nations, Russia was politically backward, during the thirteenth century. All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian peasants formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900, but as they were not a united group they were not considered to be part of a socialist movement.

It was during Great Depression that Nazism became a mass movement.In such a situation Nazi propoganda stirred hopes of better future.In 1928,the Nazi Party got no more than 2.6% votes in Reichstag-the German parliament.By 1932 ,it had become the largest party with 37% votes.

The South African constitution inspires democrats all over the world.Discriminatory laws were repealed. Ban on political parties and restrictions on the media were lifted. This constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. aimed to a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights.The constituion included multi-party democracy with regular elections and universal adult suffrage, supremacy of the constitution over all other law, a quasi-federal system in place of centralised government, non-racism and non-sexism, the protection of "all universally accepted fundamental rights, freedoms and civil liberties.

One specific point is that it is one of the finest constitutions the world has ever had.

• The right to equality,
• The right to freedoms,
• The right against exploitation,
• The right to freedom of religion,
• Cultural and Educational rights,
• The right to constitutional remedies

The ‘Drafting Committee’ prepared a draft of the Constitution for discussion:

• It was chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• Several rounds of thorough discussion took place on the Draft of the Constitution, clause by clause.
• The members worked for 114 days spread over three years.
  Later on, it was thrown to the public to get their opinion.

• National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution; the rest of France was seething with turmoil.
 • A severe winter had meant a bad harvest, the price of bread rose. Often bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies.
• After spending hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into the shops.
• At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed Bastille.

• The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.
• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.
• The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the partition.
• The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members.
  It adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January, 1950.

The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Read the description given below:

• Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the north.
• As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the Himalayas.