300 -year history: it affected economics, social structure, culture, international relations, industrial development, and most any other benchmark by which one might measure a revolution. Although the new government would prove to be at least as repressive as the one it replaced, the country’s new rulers were drawn largely from the intellectual and working classes rather than from the aristocracy—which meant a considerable change in direction for Russia.
The Russian Revolution also had considerable international consequences. Lenin’s government immediately pulled Russia out of World War I, changing the balance of forces for the remaining participants. During the ensuing civil war in Russia, several nations, including the United States, sent troops to Russia in hopes of keeping the chaos from spreading beyond Russia’s boundaries. Over the next several decades, the Soviet Union actively sponsored and assisted Communist movements and revolutions around the world in an effort to broaden its sphere of influence. The country also played a fundamental role in the defeat of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous section of society. It was a political club formed to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action.  Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parsians who were angered by the short supplies and high prices of food.

i. The activities of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) phase-I were started in 1985.
ii. They were declared closed on 31st March 2000.
iii. The steering committee of the National River Conservation  Authority reviewed the progress of GAP and necessary correction were  made on the basis of lessons learnt and experiences gained from GAP  Phase-I.
iv. They are being applied to other major polluted rivers of the country under the NRCP.
v. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-II, has been merged with the NRCP.

• On getting the power Hitler started abolishing the democratic rule.
• The communists were severely suppressed. They were sent to concentration camps.
• On 3 march 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This act established Hitlers dictatorship in germany
• All the other political parties and trade unions were banned.
• The state established complete control oover the economy, media, army and judiciary.
• Special observations and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted.

Following are the role of education in human capital formation:
(i) Education bears fruits in term of good job and salary.
(ii) Education increases the efficiency of the workers.
(iii) Education helps in increasing the mental horizon of the people.
(iv) Education enhances the national income, cultural richness and increase the efficiency of governance.
(v) Education encourages economic development through greater participation of the people in the affairs of the country.

The African National Congress(ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of Segregation. This included many workers' unions and the Communist Party. Many sensitive whites also joined theANC to oppose apartheid and played a leading role in this struggle.

'Marginal Farmer' means a farmer cultivating (as owner or tenant or share cropper) agricultural land up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres).

Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
• Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.

Age group of 15-59 years is known as the working population

The Russian Revolution had a great global impact. It had an impact on many things such as, communism, Socialism, democracy, economy, imperialism, nationalism, and most importantly the division of the world. First of all, Russia was the first country to establish a communist government, and communism spread throughout the world. This means that the Russian Revolution ended the monarchy in Russia. Also, the revolution took out Russia from World War 1. The Soviet Union was created due to the Russian Revolution, since Russia was composed of many different nationalities. When it comes to the revolution’s impact on economy, it industrialized the organization of the economy with five-year plans. These five-years plans were the goals of Joseph Stalin to improve the conditions of the people, the general secretary of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union. The world was made up of capitalists and socialists. The Russian Revolution united the socialists against the capitalists. Finally, the Russian Revolution stopped imperialism, and was the first country to support the idea of each country being independent.

During the Great DepressionNazism became a mass movement.After 1929,banks collapsed and businesses shut down,workers lost their jobs and middle classes were threatenedwith destitution.In such a situation Nazi propoganda stirred hopes for a better future.In 1928,the Nazi party got no more than 2.6% votes in Reichstag-the German parliament.By 1932,it had become the largest party with 37% votes.

Economics is about the allocation of resources available to fulfill people's needs and wants for goods and services.

• The main land of India extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30'N) passes almost through the middle of the country. Apart from the mainland, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean) and the Lakshadweep (Arabian Sea) are also parts of India.
• The land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million (3.28 lakh) square km; which comprises about 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world. India is the seventh largest country in the world.
• The land boundary of India is 15,200 km. The coastline of the country is 7,516.6 km; which includes the Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep.