International Women's Day (IWD), originally called International Working Women's Day, is celebrated on March 8 every year. The earliest celebration was held as a Socialist political event in 1909. It blended the culture of many countries primarily in Europe, especially those in the Soviet Bloc. Declared a national holiday in the Soviet Union in 1917, it spread to other nearby countries. It is now celebrated in many Eastern countries.

1) India is called a republic as the representatives are elected by the people of the country.
2) Free and fair elections take place.
3) India's constitution is sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic , republic , and runs on the basis of  justice , liberty , equality and fraternity.

The Executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch. With the rise of welfare states, the need for organised state functions has also risen and Executive is one of the most crucial function. It ensures effective governance in the states.

History is systematic study of our past which descibes actual rise and fall of human life.

1. The Council of States or Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and it is not subject to dissolution. After every two years, one-third of its members retire and its same numbers of seats are filled up by new members. The Lok Sabha is not a permanent House. It is dissolved after the expiry of its term of five years. But it can be dissolved before the period of five years by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers. New Lok Sabha is elected and constituted within a period of 6 months from the date of its dissolution.
2. The total membership of the Rajya Sabha is 250. It is a representative House of States but the States are not represented equally in the Rajya Sabha. Seats in the Rajya Sabha are allocated to different States on the basis of population. Out of the total members of the House, twelve members are nominated by the President from amongst the persons having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art and social service. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552 members. Out of this, 530 members are elected from the States and 20 members are elected from the Union Territories. The remaining two members are nominated by the President from among the Anglo-Indian community.

In Maasailand, as elsewhere in Africa, not all pastoralists were equally affected by the changes in the colonial period.
a. ​The Maasai society was divided into two social categories – elders and warriors. The elders formed the ruling group and the warriors were responsible for the protection of the tribe.The warriors were subjected to the authority of elders.
b. Colonial policies brought about changes in the social conditions and reshaped the relationships among the massai community members.
c. ​ The British appointed chiefs among the Massai's to administer their affairs who accumulated wealth.Many of them also became traders.
d. They had secured income which enabled them to face situations like war and droughts.They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income​.
e. In Massai land distinction occurred between the wealthy and poor pastoralist.
f. The wealthy made money by lending money to the poor pastoralist who needed cash. For poor, life was different and difficult, They had no resources to tide over worst time.They had to work in towns as wage labourers.

Social exclusion is both a cause as well as a consequence of poverty in the usual sense. Broadly, it is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy. Whereas, vulnerability is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain communities of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years.

The following developments have come about in forestry after 1980:
a. Government in India has become more concerned about the rights of forest communities.
b. They have  realised that keeping forest communities away from forests have resulted in conflict.
c. Government has started giving importance to conserving forests, to involving local communities.
d. Environmentalist are today thinking of different forms of forest management that involves local populations.
e. For example in many forests in India villagers are protecting forests as scared groves like rai,kan, sarnas etc.
f.  The central government  has passed the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 which safeguards the rights of the forest dwellers.

*The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java which said that wood could only be cut for specified purposes and only from specific forests under close supervision.
* Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without permit, or travelling on forests roads with horse carts or cattle.
* Blandongdiensten system: The exemption of rents imposed on cultivation of land in the forest, in return for free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.

A set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political and contesting candidates during election time is known as model code of conduct.
According to this, no party or candidate can
(i) Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
(ii) Use government vehicles, air crafts and officials for elections.
(iii) Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any project.

The Jacobin’s club was the most famous political club of the French Revolution. The members of this club mainly belonged to the less prosperous sections of the society. It became an important place whereby people discussed their political ideologies and took action for their self-interest.
The reforms brought by the Jacobin government under Robespierre in France were:

• Elections were held. All men of 21 years and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
• Jacobins abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.
• The Jacobin’s club was the most famous political club of the French Revolution. The members of this club mainly belonged to the less prosperous sections of the society. It became an important place whereby people discussed their political ideologies and took action for their self-interest.

Once the election dates are announced, the candidates need to file their nomination. When a candidate is selected by a political party as a candidate, it is usually known as party ‘ticket’. While filing the nomination, the candidate has to provide certain details and some security deposit.

In the Himalayan region of our country, the vegetation differs according to the height.
(i) In the foothill, (the Shiwalik) are tropical deciduous forests. ‘Sal’ is the most important species of economic significance. ,
(ii) The zone with altitude 1000 m – 2000 m consists of evergreen forests. Beech, chestnut, oak, ash, etc., are the main trees. These at a higher altitude are replaced by ‘chir’ and ‘chil’.
(iii) The zone between 1500m – 3000 m includes pine, cedar, silver fir and spruce. They are the famous coniferous trees, typical of the dry temperate region found in the inner Himalayan region.
(iv) At the height of 3600 m or more, shrubs, scrubs, and grasses of alpine variety are found.