The government is the major decision maker who issue notice known as office Memorandum for issuing some order.
but there are political parties involve in the decision that holds the government.
As the head of a state ,  A President  have major formal authorities, Without him no notices can be issued.
Also, the Prime Minister along with his Cabinet decides about decisions, because Prime Minister is the head of government.
In order to perform or exercise a function a Prime Minister must have majority support in the "Parliament".  

The three major function of Election Commission of India are
(i) Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
(ii) It implements the code of convict and can punish any candidate or party that violates it.
(iii) It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

Poverty is a state in which people do not have sufficient income to fulfill the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter.
Poverty as seen by the social scientists :
Illiteracy level, Lack of job opportunities, Lack of access to health care, Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, Lack of access to safe drinking water, Sanitation etc.

• Western cyclonic disturbances’ are a weather phenomenon of the winters.
• They are brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region.
• They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India.

The Constituent Assembly of India was truly a representative body. Congress came to be regarded as an Umbrella organization that represented diverse views within the Assembly. There were leftist, rightist, socialist, Marxists, women, people from different religious communities, weaker sections which included SC's and ST's ,all shades of opinions were reflected in the assembly.

Voting is when people choose their representatives through elections and riggingis illegal interference with the process of anelection. Acts offraudaffect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both.

• Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource, essential for various human activities.
• The river banks have attracted settlers from ancient times. These settlements have now become big cities.
• Using rivers for irrigation, navigation, hydro-power generation is of special significance.
• Rivers are very significant for countries like India where agriculture is the livelihood for a majority of the population.
• Lakes help to develop tourism and provide recreation.
• Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout human history.

In order to survive, the pastoralists took the following steps
(i) They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area and know where could they find water and pasture.
(ii) They needed to calculate the timing of their movements and ensure that when could move through different territories.
(iii) They also had to develop a relationship with farmers on the way. so that the herds could graze in harvested fields and manures the soil.
(iv) They had to combine a range of different activities like cultivation, trade and herding to make their living.

 The German's supported Hitler because of the Versaille treaty/agreement that the allies made after WWI. The Germans were forced to pay millions of dollars to compensate the allies and so many of them became poor. Hitler rose up and declared that the Versaille treaty/agreement was unjust (which it was to a degree but it still shouldn't have led to war) and that the Jews were taking all the work that the German people needed (there were a lot of unemployed Germans, however, the Jews had great businesses) so Hitler started the Nazi party and gained more and more influence, and more and more power. At one stage, he usurped the government but was put in prison. He was still popular however and was let out a while later, only to rise to power again and this time receive full command of Germany. The rest is history.

In India , an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC) conducts the elections. The Election Commission ensures free and fair elections .

An independent E.C. is important because of following reasons-

1.The most important reason is to get away from party politics..that means if election commission would not have been an independent organization and worked under ruling political party,it may would have ended up having a favouritism for a particular party…which ultimately would have led to a dictatorship in the country ,demolishing its democratic values and rights of people to choose their representatives.

2.To ensure free and fair elections.The above point is a part of it.

3. To ensure equality in universal adult franchise and right to contest election.

The Maasai are nomadic and pastoral people who depend on milk and meat for subsistence. The title Maasai derives from the word ‘Maa’. Maai-sai means ‘My People’.  The warriors considted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.