The red cap worn by sans culottes in france symbolised liberty and freedom.

Red Cap was worn by Sans Culottes in France as an image of Liberty.

It's otherwise called the "Cap of Liberty" is seen on the flag of Paraguay, Santa Catarina, and a few others.

The freedom cap goes back in any event to Roman circumstances. A liberated slave wore it amid the function of his manumission, and on exceptional events a short time later. Substantially later, it came to figure intensely in French Revolutionary iconography.

• In 1905, the British put a stop on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, which affected the people of Bastar.
• Some of the villagers were allowed to stay in the Reserved forests on the condition that they would cut and transport trees and protect the forests from fire for forest department for free.
• People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.
• Villagers had been suffering from increased land rents and demand for free labour by British officials.
• The problems were added by the terrible famines of 1899-1900 and 1907-08.
• These conditions thus led to a revolt by the people of Bastar.

Industrialization resulted in a large number of people working in factories. Work hours were usually long and the workers were getting poor wages. Unemployment was quite common. As towns were growing rapidly, there were problems of housing and sanitation.

Many among the liberals and radicals were property owners and employers. They wanted the benefit of industrialization to reach the workforce. They believed that healthy and educated citizens would be more productive for the economy. Some liberals and radicals wanted revolutions which could end all kind of governments established in Europe in 1815.

• The leeward side is the drier side or the side where the trade winds pass after they hit a mountain.
• The windward side is the wetter side. The way I try to remember it is this way – the winds hang out and produce rain on the windward side.

Elections can be considered as a competition. It is a political competition. The competition is among political parties. At the constituency level, it is a competition among several candidates. If there is no competition, elections will become pointless.

An electoral competition also has many demerits . It creates a sense of disunity and ‘factionalism’ in every locality. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena because of this unhealthy competition.

Factor occuring outside or from other places is known as exogenous* factor .

• In case of any violation of a Fundamental Right, the aggrieved person can go to a court for remedy.
• But now, any person can go to court against the violation of a Fundamental Right, if it is of social or public interest. This is called Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
• Under the PIL, any citizen or group of citizens can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court for the protection of public interest against a particular law or action of the government.

Reserved forests
(i) Reserved forest are referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce.
(ii) More than half of the total forest land has been declared as reserved forest. They are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife are concerned.
(iii) Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forest (75% of the total forest area) followed by Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
Protected forests
(i) These forests are protected from further depletion.
(ii) Almost 1/3 of the total forest area is declared as protected forest by the forest department.
(iii) Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan have bulk of their forest, under protected forest.

(a) Latitude Tropic of Cancer divides India into equal halves. The region lying North to it has sub-tropical climate, whereas South to it has tropical climate.
(b) Altitude It means the height from the sea level. With increase in height from the earth surface the temperature decreases and air becomes less dense. India has mountain ranges (the Himalayas) in the North with an average elevation of about 6000 m, whereas on the coastal areas as well as islands, maximum elevation is about 30m. The Indian sub-continent experiences mider winters as the Himalayas act as a barriers against the cold arctic winds and stop them to enter in India.
The Himalayas also stop the South-West monsoon winds to escape from India and the whole Northern India experiences monsoon season.
 

c)Distance from the Sea :The regions located
near the sea have moderate climate and those lying away from it have extreme climate. This is due to moderating influence of ocean current

• When the food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poor sections of the society, it is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).
• Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages, towns and cities.
• Ration shops are also known as ‘Fair Price Shops’, which keep stock of food grains, sugar, kerosene oil for cooking.
• Items such as these are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.
• Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these items every month from a nearby ration shop, depending on the number of family members.

 Economic activities : Non-economic activities :

Electoral Constituency: For parliamentary elections, the country is divided into more than 543 electoral constituencies. A constituency is usually made on the basis of population of a particular geographical area. Similarly, assembly constituencies are made in different states for the elections to the state assemblies. Voters in a constituency elect their representative.

1. Change of leaders lead to instability.
2. Only political  competition, no scope for morality.
3. Consulting more people leads to delays.
4. Ordinary people don't know that what is good for them.
5. Leads to corruption.

Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind. India has monsoon type of climate.
It has following characteristics
(i) Monsoon which comes as South-West monsoon in Indian sub-continent proceeds into two branches after hitting the Southern tip
(a) Bay of Bengal branch
(b) Arabian sea branch
(ii) Monsoon occurs in alteration of dry and wet spells. The intervening dry spells of monsoon is called ‘Breaks’ in monsoon.
(iii) There is variation in intensity, frequency and duration of monsoon. This causes floods in one place and drought in other at the same time.
(iv) Monsoon is often irregular in its arrival and retreat.

Electoral constituencies are reserved for candidates from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are known as reserved constituencies. The economically weaker section of the society may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others.