The role of women in France during the revolutionary years were :

(i) Women started their own political clubs and newspapers.
(ii) They demanded the right to vote.
(iii) They demanded to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
(iv) The revolutionary Government introduced some laws for women.
(v) During the 'Reign of Terror', new Government ordered to close women's clubs and ban political activities.
(vi) Women's movement for voting right continued through next two hundred
years.
(vii) Women's struggle for equal political rights continued during the 'Reign of Terror'. The government banned their clubs and political activities. Many women got arrested. It was in 1946 that many women got the right to vote.

MENSHEVIKS- The Mensheviks were a faction in the Russian socialist movement, the other being the Bolsheviks. The factions emerged in 1903 following a dispute in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between Julius Martov and Vladimir Lenin.

Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
• Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.

The Kalangs were a tribal community of Java.
Their four characteristics are
(i) They were skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
(ii) They had a great skill in building palaces.
(iii) They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms.
(iv) The Kalangs worked, under the Dutch, when Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the 18th century.

Localised thunder storms associated with violent winds and torrential down pours. in West bengal these storms are known as Kal Baisakhi. Kalbaisakhi is associated with kerela and west Bengal. In some states it also known as mango showers.

Latitude: The Indian landmass is equally divided by The Tropic of Cancer. Hence, half of India has tropical climate and another half has subtropical climate.

Altitude: While the average elevation in the coastal areas is about 30 metre, the average elevation in the north is about 6,000 metre. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the Indian subcontinent. Due to this, the subcontinent gets comparatively milder winters as compared to Central Asia.

Pressure and Winds: The Indian subcontinent lies in the region of north-easterly winds. These winds originate from the subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere. After that, these winds blow towards south. They get deflected to the right due to the Coriolis force and then move towards the low pressure area near the equator.

• Hitler introduced a new educational policy in Germany to educatate the young minds about the Nazi philosophy. The Nazi Youth League was a youth organization founded in early 1920s by authorization of Hitler and was an off shoot of the Nazi Party. Hitler was of the view that children should be indoctrinated about the Nazi ideology from a young age for establishment and development of a strong Nazi society. Its main objectives were to create a strong Nazi nation free of weak people and Jews and to instill in youth the motivation to fight for loyally for the Nazi nation.
• It aimed to prune and purify the schools by throwing out teachers who opposed the Nazi views and separating the 'undesirable' jewish children from the Nordic Germans.
• Not only this, textbooks were rewritten to glorify German racial supremacy and to methodically brainwash children from an early age to justify and adopt the twisted Nazi ideas of purity and Jewish hatred. They ha. d to take up boxing so that they could become strong in body and mind
• Youth organisations were handed over the responsibility the educating the children and teaching them the philosophies of Nationalist Socialism and to loyally, without questioning serve Hitler.
• At the age of 10 children had to enroll in Jungvolk till they were 14 years, at which it was mandatory for therm to join the Nazi youth organization called the Hitler's Youth for getting trained in Nazi philosophy and ideas. At the age of 18, they had to sign up for Labour Services and later enter the military service or any other Nazi organization.  

1. Groupism: One of the important and most responsible factor that caused the fierce and most destructive First World War was Groupism. The groupism was started by German chancellor Otto Von Bismarck. He sowed the seeds of the first world war. During that period, Germany, Italy and Austria made triple alliances and England and Japan had hostility between them so, the whole Europe was divided into two blocks: because of that division the doubt and enmity arose among the countries of Europe which finally caused the enormous and destructive World War from European countries.

2. Militarism: The other important factors that caused the world war was militarism. Both the hostile blocks were in a fear filled with suspicion and hatred against each other. They started to increase the number of armies and developed dangerous weapons as they felt unsecured which also came to be known as the cause of the war.

3. Economic Imperialism: The countries in Europe were in search of a good market to supply their productions after the industrial revolution in Europe. The European countries also wanted to raise their economic status and size of the army and produce harmful weapons. The competition of imperialism and colonialism began in Europe that made the cold relationship among the countries which led the in path of destructive wars because of these reasons.

4. Character of William-II: William II-(The Emperor of Germany) wanted to make Germany a powerful country in the world. His principle was World power of downfall. He wanted to be more powerful than U.K. So, the relationship between Germany and U.K was cold which enriched them to involve in the first world war.

5. Issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina (the two Balkan countries) were kept in Austria by the Berlin Convention of 1878 A.D. But, most of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina were of the Serbian race. Due to these reasons, there was frequent rebellions and revolt against Austria.

Declaration made by World Food Summit in 1995
The 1995 World Food Summit declared, Food security at the individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 

The President of India (based on a recommendation from incumbent Govt of India) appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India. Once appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner is - not answerable to the President or die government. The Chief Election Commissioner has tenure of six years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

On May 7, 1945, Germany officially surrendered to the Allies, bringing an end to the European conflict in World War II. General Alfred Jodl, representing the German High Command, signed the unconditional surrender of both east and west forces in Reims, France, which would take effect the following day.

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.
(ii) He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

The major physiographic divisions of India are:

1. The Himalayan Mountains
2. The Northern plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Coastal Plains
5. The Desert
6. The Island groups

The inherent defects/LIMITATIONS of the Weimar constitution are:

1.Proportional representation-This refers to rule by coalitions which made it impossible for one major party to occupy the government.As there was a rule of coalitions in Germany,there would be crisis if one party pulls out of the ruling party's coalition showing that the weimar constitution is weak.

2.Liberal use of article 48-Article 48 gave the president the powers to impose emergency,suspend all civil rights and rule by decree.In the different cabinets that lasted in Germany,people saw a liberal use of Article 48.But,it still did not give any solutions to the people's problems.Hence the people lost faith in the Weimar constitution.

This became a defect of the weimar constitution as loss of support of people resulted in popular support for conservative dictatorship in Germany.

The three features of the life of African pastoralists are
(i) Some important pastoral communities of Africa include Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana, etc.
(ii) Most of them now live in the semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rainfed agriculture is difficult.
(iii) They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkey. Their main occupation is selling milk, meat, animal skin and wool. They also earn through trade and transport, some types of agricultural activities and also variety of odd jobs.

• Justice is possible only if the Judiciary is independent, imparcial and unbiased.
• The judiciary not only protects the rights of the citizens but also resolves various disputes arising out of civil cases, criminal cases and constitutional matters without any pressure from the executive or the legislature.
• Our Constitution ha various provisions which makes our judiciary independent and keeps it free from the influence of the legislature and executive.