Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
Conditions of peasants: Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
Status of industries: Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
Conditions of workers in the industries: Most industries were owned by private
industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
Formation of socialist parties: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.

1) Permanents executives are also known as non elected executives whereas Political executives are non permanent ,elected executives 
2) Permanent executives have a very long term i.e they do not leave their arena until and unless they retire, but political executives leave their arenas as soon as their term gets over 
3) Permanent executives are necesarily experts in their arenas but Political executives may not be expert in their arenas 
4) Permanent executives get their designation and office by giving UPSC exam whereas political executives get elected.

A coalition government is one which is formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually, it is the partners in an electoral coalition that form a political alliance and adopt a common political programme.

Drawbacks of the Public Distribution System:

1. Limited benefits to the poor: The main drawback of PDS is that it is not able to reach the poor effectively. On the basis of a ration card, for distribution of essential goods via the PDS, one must have a ration card to consume the essential items. Hence migrated workers, who do not have residential evidence, do not get the ration card and are left out of the loop of PDS. Many poor families are not covered under the PDS scheme.
2. Urban Bias: More than 85 percent of the total quantity consumed under PDS is in the urban areas and the PDS in the rural areas accounts for less than 75 percent of the total quantity consumed. Thus, even though PDS appears to be even-handed for all sections of the society, there is failure in achieving its target of helping the poor.
3. Regional disparities in distribution: People in vulnerable areas were not able to receive any facilities of PDS due to weak infrastructure and low purchasing power. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the four southern states, account for 49 percent of the total PDS off take of food grains in India. In contrast, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, the four northern states, account for only 10 percent of the total PDS off take of food grains in India.

Indian judiciary is considered one of the most powerful in the world because
(i) Mode of appointment and removal of Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts makes Indian judiciary powerful.
(ii) Our Constitution has laid down very high’ and specific qualifications for the appointment of judges like
(a) Well versed in law.
(b) 10 to 5 years of experience as an advocateand a judge of High Court respectively.
(iii) Our judiciary is independent of legislative and executive control. It can take decisions independendy.

China:

(i) In China, the elections do not offer people any choice.

(ii) They have to choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it.

 Mexico:

(i) In Mexico, the people seemed to have a choice but practically they did not have any choice.

 (ii) There was no way that the ruling party could be defeated, even if the people were against it.

• Poverty in India is estimated by the Planning Commission on the basis of consumption expenditure data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).
• Yes, it is true that the proportion of people live below poverty line is not the same for all social groups and economic groups in India.
• The social groups that are most vulnerable to poverty in India are the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. These people have above average levels of poverty indicators in both rural and urban set up in India.
• The economic groups include the rural agricultural and urban casual labourers. These people have the peak level of poverty indicators in both rural and urban set up in India.

Increase in Economic growth of the country: This is the most important element for decline in poverty. Increase in the economic growth will provide greater national income which can be used for the development of people under the poverty line.
Employment programmes: Creating employment programmes and opportunities for people residing in rural as well as urban areas. This will result in unemployed people getting jobs which will lead to generation of income in the economy.
Food safety programmes : Meeting the basic need of access to food is a major challenge for the people below the poverty line. Malnutrition can be found in all age groups, especially among children. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide for the safety net of food subsidy to poor people.
Population Control: This too can be counted as the main element that can bring about reduction in the poverty. It will help in raising the per capita income of the country. Moreover, the gap between the rates of increase in the economy and the poverty can be eliminated to a greater extent.

The Mandal Commission was established in Indiain 1979 by the Janata Partygovernment under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward."It was headed by Indian parliamentarian B.P. Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the affirmative action practice under Indian law whereby members of lower castes (known asOther Backward Classes(OBC),Scheduled Castes(SC) and Scheduled Tribes(ST)) were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government jobs and slots in public universities, and recommended changes to thesequotas, increasing them by 27% to 49.5%.Mobilization on caste lines had followed the political empowerment of ordinary citizens by the constitution of free India that allowed common people to politically assert themselves through the right to vote.

The National Population Policy, 2000 (NPP 2000) has the following features:
 * It affirms the commitment of government towards voluntary and informed choice and consent of citizens while availing of reproductive health care services.
* Target free approach in administering family planning services.
* It provides a policy framework for advancing goals and prioritizing strategies during the next decade, to meet the reproductive and child health needs of the people of India, and to achieve net replacement levels (TFR) by 2010.
* It is based upon the need to simultaneously address issues of child survival, maternal health, and contraception, while increasing outreach and coverage of a comprehensive package of reproductive and child heath services by government, industry and the voluntary non-government sector, working in partnership.

A political competition may have many limitations such as it can results in factionalism, disunity and use of dirty tricks to win elections.  However, free competitions in elections works better in a longer run. Many political parties prepare their manifestoes in which they point out steps that they will take after they come to power. The voter is in an advantageous situation as he can assess the manifestoes and party policies and decide the party to which he/she wants to vote. In any democracy, elections are based on political competition and absence of competition hampers the working of democratic practices or institutions. 

(1) There was food security in India, India was thus self sufficient in food grain production.

(2) We have to take proper storage of food grains because in India million of tons of food grains are destroyed every year due to lack of proper storage facilities in India.

(3) There must be no wastage of food in any places.

(4) Also, there must be bringing new& latest agricultural techniques to become India , a super power India.

(5) There was also a revolution, " Green revolution" especially in the production of wheat and rice.

Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. He was a dictator who demolished democracy in Germany. He believed in the supremacy of people belonging to the Aryan race. From 1933 onwards he started persecuting the Jews, coloured people and the gypsies. The steps taken by him against the Jews between 1933 to 1939 were:

• In 1933, new German laws forced Jews out of their civil service jobs, university and law court positions, and other areas of public life.
•  Between 1937 and 1939, new anti-Jewish regulations segregated Jews further and made daily life very difficult for them. Jews could not attend public schools; go to theaters, cinema, or vacation resorts; or reside or even walk in certain sections of German cities.
• During this time, the Jewish businesses were seized by the government and their economic condition was ruined.
• Later, Jews were forced to live in miserable circumstances in the ghettoes. In later years of Hitler's rule, the Jews were rounded up in concentration camps and gas chambers.
• About 6 million Jews were killed during Hitler’s regime. About 1 million Polish civilians, 2,00,000 Gypsies and 70,000 mentally and physically ill Germans were also killed

Many forests which supplied valuable timber were declared as reserved forests by the British. The tribals were not allowed to collect wood, fruits, hunt and practice shifting cultivation in these forests. This resulted in the loss of livelihood, poverty and hunger among the tribals. Many tribals moved out of the forests to other regions in search of work and to earn a livelihood. People who remained in the forests revolted against the unjust forest laws of the government.