Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

There were 3 main causes of the French revolution -

1) Social - The Social condition of France during the eighteenth century was very miserable. The then French Society was divided into three classes— the Clergy, Nobles and Common People. They managed the churches, monasteries and educational institutions of France. They did not pay any tax to the monarch. The Nobility was regarded as the Second Estate in the French Society. They also did not pay any tax to the king. The Third Estate formed a heterogeneous class. The farmers, cobblers, sweepers and other lower classes belonged to this class. The condition of the farmers was very miserable.They paid the taxes like Taille, Tithe

2) Economic- The economic condition of France formed another cause for the outbreak of the French Revolution. The economic condition of France became poor due to the foreign wars of Louis XIV. He had helped 13 American colonies gain independence and also used money for his own leisure.

3) immediate - Rumors spread that the king would order his troops to attack Paris because the people were revolting. Then 4000 to 5000 people gathered and formed people's militia.

Louis The XVIwas sentenced to death on the charge of treason by the court.On 21 Jan 1793 he was publicly executed(guillotined) at Place De La Concorde

One day after being convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers Louis XVI was sentenced to death by the French National Convention. He was  executed by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris.

• Upon his accession , Louis XVI  found an empty treasury. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.
• Added to the misery , was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
• Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain. The war added to debt that had already risen.
• The state was forced to increase taxes. Yet even this measure would not have sufficed. French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, and only members of the third estate paid taxes.
• The members of the third estate demanded that voting be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. This was one of the democratic principles put forward by philosophers like Rousseau in his book "The Social Contract". When the king rejected this proposal, members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

Socialism was a radical idea which was based on abolition of private properties and projected a dream of classless society. Socialists saw private property as the root of all social ills. They argued that the capitalists were only concerned about their profit and not with the welfare of workers.

Socialism is a political idea that is based on the belief that all people are equal and that money and property are equally divided among people.

Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, was appointed the first Inspector-General of Forests in India.
His ideas and achievements for the management of forests are stated in the points below
(i) He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun was founded by him in 1906.
(ii) He set up the Indian Forest Service (IFS) in 1864 and helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
(iii) He took an interest in the forest flora of North-West and Central India and Indian trees.
(iv) He was among the earliest expert in India to formally link forest protection with local people.

The four factors on which quality of population depends are: 

Literacy rate, healthcare, skill and life expectancy. 

Literacy rate is the most important factor as it is responsible for the awareness of people and improves quality. 

Healthcare is beneficial for the long term as a healthy ensemble will give rise to more productivity. 

Skill as in the workforce when improves is beneficial to the production of commodities. 

Life expectancy when improved affects all the three other factors immensely.

• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is an Indian government welfare programme which provides food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.
• Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system.
• Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is a Government of India sponsored scheme to provide highly subsidised food to millions of the poorest families.
• Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops from the farmers, whatever may be the price for the crops.
• The National Food Security Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidised food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion people.

Ferrel's law, is named after an American meteorologist W. Ferrel,  which explains the movement of the  air or water in varied directions and helps in predicting circulation of earth's atmosphere. It states that air or water moving horizontally in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected or pushed to the right of its line of motion while air or water moving horizontally in the Southern Hemisphere is pushed  to the left of its line of motion.

The spread of electricity has helped the farmers of Palampur village in the following ways :
(i) Electricity has transformed the system of irrigation.
(ii) Electricity is used to run tube wells in the fields. The Persian wheels are being replaced by tube wells.
(iii) Electricity is also used to run small businesses. For example, sugarcane crushing machine.
(iv) It is also a cheap and pollution-free source of irrigation.
(v) Electricity is also used for domestic works like running fans and lighting tube lights.

 

The Godavari Basin is the longest Peninsular river. Its drainage basin is also the largest among the peninsular river basins. The Godavari is about 1500 km long. It originates from the slopes of the Western Ghats in Nasik district of Maharashtra and drains into the Bay of Bengal.

EL Nino :The periodic development of warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current, is called EL-Nino.
Features of EL Nino
(i) The presence of the EL-Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperatures.
(ii) It weakens the trade winds in the regions and causes heavy rainfall, floods or droughts in different regions of the world.

Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, was appointed the first Inspector-General of Forests in India.
His ideas and achievements for the management of forests are stated in the points below
(i) He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun was founded by him in 1906.
(ii) He set up the Indian Forest Service (IFS) in 1864 and helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
(iii) He took an interest in the forest flora of North-West and Central India and Indian trees.
(iv) He was among the earliest expert in India to formally link forest protection with local people.

Working capital: Production requires a variety of raw materials. It requires money to make payments and buy other necessary items. Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital. Unlike tools and machines, these are used up in production.
For example, Yarn required by a weaver; clay used by a potter.

In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers Party. This party came to be known as Nazi Party. The Nazi philosophy included nationalism and socialiam. After the death of the German President Hinderburg, Hitler assumed the post and established his dictatorial rule. He adopted stern and aggressive policies and led the Germans towards narrow nationalism. Germans considered Hitler as 'Fuhrer'. Nazi soldiers wore blue uniform and stuck a red strip on their shoulder and wore a symbol of swastika. Hitler's authoritarian and militarist nature became obvious after coming to power. His main aim was the emergence of Germany as a major power. In the name of purification of the German race, his picies were targeted at exterminating Jews, gypsies and mentally challenged people. By the end of the Second World War, innumerable European Jews lost lives, which is known as the 'Holocauat'. Hitler's expansionism, military action against neighbouring countries and the policy of exterminating certain groups led to the Second World War and became an important reason for the same.

(i) The Aravalli Hills run parallel to the Arabian Sea branch, and thus do not form any barrier to intercept the winds. The winds thus passes through Western Rajasthan without causing any rainfall.
(ii)It is in an area where high atmospheric pressure dominates. High pressure is an area of sinking air. This hinders cloud development and precipitation, creating a dry environment.
 

Because it lies in the leeward side

Bloody Sunday is the name given to the events of Sunday, 22 January, 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed demonstrators led by Father Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

Rally for rivers

Question

Maharashtra

• This slogan was launched by Lenin to gain popular support during the struggle for political power in Russia Lenin addressed these concerns in his proclamation.
• Peace would mean an end to the war.
• Bread would mean relief from the prevalent hunger.
• Land would mean the prospect of self-sufficiency for the peasant population.
• In the end, however, none of these promises were kept.

0.65 percentage was expenditure of GDP in 1951-52 on education.