An ocean current is a permanent or continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in the Earth's oceans. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon.

• The Judiciary is not under the control of the Legislature or the Executive.
• The judges do not act on the directions of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.
• That is why, all modern democracies have units that are independent of the Legislature and the Executive.

West Bengal reduced poverty by focusing on land reform measures this involves even distribution of land.

West Bengal — Poverty has been reduced through land reform measures.

Food Corporation of India was set up on 14 January 1965 under the Food Corporations Act 1964 to implement the following objectives of the National Food Policy:

• Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers
• Distribution of foodgrains throughout the country for Public Distribution System
• Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of foodgrains to ensure National Food Security
• Regulate market price to provide foodgrains to consumers at a reliable price

Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
(i) This programme was launched in 1993.
(ii) It is aimed at providing self-employment opportunity to educated unemployed youth in the rural and urban areas.
(iii) Under this programme, scheduled banks provide loans at a lower interest rate to start small business and set up industries.
Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)
(i) This programme was launched in 1995.
(ii) The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunity in rural areas and small towns.
(iii) A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for this programme under the Tenth Five Year Plan.
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
(i) This scheme was launched in 1999.
(ii) This programme aims at bringing the rural poor families above the poverty line.
(iii) To achieve this goal, it organises them into Self Help Groups (SHGs) through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
(i) This programme was launched in 2000.
(ii) Under the programme, the Central Government provides additional assistance to the State Government for improving basic services in the village.
(iii) The major basic services covered under this programme are primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)
(i) This programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country.
(ii) This programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work.
(iii) It is implemented as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme.
(vi) Under this scheme, foodgrains are provided free of cost to the states.
(v) Later this scheme was merged with NREGA.
National Rural Employment-Guarantee Act (NREGA)
(i) This Act was passed in September 2005.
(ii) This Act is now renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA).
(iii) This act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the-scheme will be extended to 600 districts.
(iv) One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.
(v) The Central Government will establish National Employment Guarantee Funds (NEGF). The State Governments will also establish State-Employment Guarantee Funds (SEGF) for implementation of scheme.
(vi) Under this programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
(i) This scheme was laufrchid ih Efeceihber 2000.
(ii) 1 crore of the poorest among the BPL families were covered under the targeted PDS.
(iii) 25 kg of foodgrains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate—2 per kg for wheat and 3 per kg for rice.
(iv) This quantity has been enhanced from 25 kg to 35 kg with effect from April 2002.
(v) Now almost 2 crore families are covered under this scheme.

A democracy Works well when the political institutions, like the: Prime Minister and the Cabinet,: the Civil Servants, the Supreme Court, etc., perform functions assigned to them.
The need for these political institutions are
(i) To take decisions Countries need political institutions to take decisions regarding the welfare of the people. Institutions formulate various policies and welfare schemes.
(ii) To implement the decisions The decisions which have been taken care pf are to be implemented.
So, countries need institutions to implement the decisions.
(iii) To solve the disputes Institutions are needed to solve the disputes between various institutions.
(iv) To take right decisions Institutions are also needed to help the government to take the right decisions. They determine what is wrong, and what is right.

Religious Conflict – Conflicts between Christianity and Judaism have existed for years, which partly helped create an atmosphere of anti-semitism in Europe.
Anti-semitism in Vienna – Hitler spent a part of his youth in Vienna, Austria, where anti-semitism was very prevalent and highly advocated. He may have been influenced by some of the ideological ideas of that environment.
Jewish Economic Power – At the time when World War 1 broke out, a majority of financial institutions, banks and large companies were controlled by Jewish people.
Hitler blamed the loss of the war, the economic downfall of Germany and the bad decisions of the Weimar Republic on Jewish capitalism.
Conspiracy theory – Hitler believed that the Jewish had some conspiracy to control the world and that they would stab Germans in the back whenever it would suit them.

Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930 because:
(i) Threat of communism was a contributing factor in the rise of popularity of Nazism. Though the Sparta cist uprising designed on the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was crushed, Nazis played the card of rising menance of communism to win the support of the conservative forces.
(ii) Failure of communist party and the socialist party to put up a united front also contributed to the popularity of Nazism.
(iii) Hitler's personality played an important role. He was a good orator and his words inspired cross-section of people to support him. The working class because he promised employment and security and the propertied class because he promised to make Germany great again.

Nazism became popular in Germany due to many reasons and not one. Some of them are as follows-
A)  FAILURE OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES- Germany had lost world war I as a result of which heavy amount was imposed on them by the allies. Hitler's Nazi Party portrayed itself as a symbol of revival and tried to gain popularity among the people of Germany.
B) ECONOMIC CRISIS- After the failure of treaty of versailles, The weimar Republic did  very little to improve the economic condition of the people of the country. There was severe unemployment, poverty, market downfall, etc. Under this condition, Hitler was seen as a hope for their upliftment.
C)FEAR OF SPREAD OF COMMUNISM-Due to the fear of Russia overtaking Germany,Htlter tried to reveal to the people of Germany the negative effects of communism and encouraged them to join his party. 
All these factors combined led to the spread of Nazism in Germany by 1930s

Before the seventeenth century, most ordinary women in Britain possessed very few clothes made of flax, linen or wool, which were difficult to clean. After 1600, trade with India brought cheap, beautiful and easy-to-maintain Indian chintzes within the reach of many Europeans who could now increase the size of their wardrobes.
Then, during the Industrial Revolution, in the nineteenth century, Britain began the mass manufacture of cotton textiles which it exported to many parts of the world, including India.

Cotton clothes became more accessible to a wider section of people in Europe. By the early twentieth century, artificial fibers made clothes cheaper still and easier to wash and maintain. In the late 1870s, heavy, restrictive underclothes, which had created such a storm in the pages of women’s magazines, were gradually discarded. Clothes got lighter, shorter and simpler.
Yet until 1914, clothes were ankle length, as they had been since the thirteenth century. By 1915, however, the hemline of the skirt rose dramatically to mid-calf.

The 3 organs of Indian government are:

1. Executive : executes the laws. It consists of president, vice president, prime minister and council of ministers.
2. Legislature : it is the law making body. It consists of parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
3. Judiciary : takes care of the judicial system. It consists of the supreme court.

1. The broken chain : Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain represented the act of becoming free.
2. The bundle of rods   : One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle. This represented the strength that lies in unity.
3. The eye within a triangle radiating light : The all Seeing Eye stands for knowledge. The rays of the sun depicts that it will drive away the clouds of ignorance.
4. Snake biting its tail to form a ring : Symbol of Eternity. This ring structure represents neither the beginning nor the end.
5. The Law Tablet : The Law Tablet exclaimed that the law is the same for all, and all are equal before it.

India is a country with over 1.2 billion people which puts a lot of stress on government resources and the environment in general. In the coming years, the following three factors will lead to increasing threats on the biodiversity of the country.

1. Limited Government Resources: Indian Government has a high budget for Military and Education but very little resources are diverted towards maintaining biodiversity. This is mostly because of a high number of poor in the country which require great attention.

2. Increasing Population: As the population increases, cities keep on growing, taking over farmland and forests, which will eventually lead to less area for biodiversity to survive and thrive and will be threatened by increasing human intervention. 

3. Illegal Trades: Criminal activities such as illegal hunting and poaching are rampant in a poor country like India, so much so that the indigenous elephant and tiger are almost extinct in the wild today. If the government does not take action, the situation will only worsen.

powers of election commission(EC) in India are:-

• EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
• it implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
• during the election period the election commission(EC) can order to follow some guidelines,to prevent use and misuse of govt. power to enhance its chances to win election,or to transfer some govt. officials.
• when on election duty,govt officers work under the control of the EC and not the govt

1. Zimbabwe attained independence in 1980.Since then the country has been ruled by ZANU-PF party and its leader Robert Mugabe.

2. Elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-PF.

3. President Mugabe has designed the constitution in such a way which gave him more powers.

4. There was no freedom for opposition party workers and public meetings,demonstrations,etc. were declared illegal.

5. There was no independence of newspapers and the media was fully controlled by the government.

6. This shows that popular governments can be undemocratic and popular leaders can be autocratic. 

Religious Conflict – Conflicts between Christianity and Judaism have existed for years, which partly helped create an atmosphere of anti-semitism in Europe.
Anti-semitism in Vienna – Hitler spent a part of his youth in Vienna, Austria, where anti-semitism was very prevalent and highly advocated. He may have been influenced by some of the ideological ideas of that environment.
Jewish Economic Power – At the time when World War 1 broke out, a majority of financial institutions, banks and large companies were controlled by Jewish people.Hitler blamed the loss of the war, the economic downfall of Germany and the bad decisions of the Weimar Republic on Jewish capitalism.
Conspiracy theory – Hitler believed that the Jewish had some conspiracy to control the world and that they would stab Germans in the back whenever it would suit them.

1. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education upto 14 years.
2. It reduces the infant mortality rate to below 30 per thousand live births.
3. It helps in achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine-preventable diseases.
4. It has promoted delayed marriage for girls and has made family welfare a people-centred programme.

• The British invited a German forest expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
• He helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
• He set up the Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun in 1906.
• After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice,once in 1878 and then in 1927.
• The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests.
• The best forests were called reserved forests. Villagers could not take anything from these forests.