• Public interest litigation is litigation for public interest i.e., it is a case filed in the interest of the public by a representative of the public.
• PIL was started to protect the fundamental rights of people who are poor, ignorant or in socially/economically disadvantaged position.
• It is different from ordinary litigation, in that it is not filed by one private person against another for the enforcement of a personal right.
• The presence of 'public interest' is important to file a PIL.
• The first reported case of PIL in 1979 focused on the inhuman conditions of prisons and under trial prisoners.

Mangrove forests are found in Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi delta.
Characteristics of these forests are as follows
(i) Roots of these plants remain submerged under water.
(ii) The tree species can tolerate high salt concentration.
(iii) Roots develop preumatophars or aerial root for sucking oxygen.

The movement of the tectonic plates is the main factor that results in the modification of relief features of India. There are three types of movements- folding, faulting and volcanic activity.

Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total population age 7 years and above.
Or
Literacy rate is the number of persons who is 7 or above, who has the ability to read, write and understand in any language.  

Though required to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in certain matters the President may exercise discretion within reasonable limits. The following are the discretionary powers of the President of India:

1. The President can withhold assent to a Non-Money Bill or send it back for reconsideration.
2. There is no time limit within which the President is required to declare his assent or refusal or return the Bill for reconsideration. He can take as much time as he thinks appropriate.
3. If no political party or leader has majority support in the Lok Sabha, the President has the freedom to decide who should be appointed as Prime Minister.
4. In case the Prime Minister has lost the support of the Lok Sabha, he may, instead of tendering his resignation, ask for the dissolution of the House. The President is bound to act on the advice of the Prime Minister. He can also explore the possibility of forming an alternative government at the centre.

They believed planting crops like clover and turnips improves the soil and makes it more fertile. It is known to be a good fodder crop for cattle. They increase the nitrogen content in the soil which is important for the growth of the plants and crops. And when the nitrogen is restored turnip and clover make the soil fertile once again after the soil reduces its fertility by cultivation again and again.

People who can be denied the right to vote are:-

• Who are below the age of 18
• Who do not have voter id and also
• Who have made a serious and big crime, that too only the order comes from higher authorities.

Communities such as craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes.

1. They were considered criminal by birth.
2. They were confined to settle at one place.
3. Their movement was highly regulated.
4. They were forced to live in villages.
5. The village police used to keep an eye on them.

eople can make the best use of nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge, skill and technology to do so. This is why human beings are considered a resource. It is the abilities of human beings which help in transferring a physical material into a valuable resource.

'People as a resource' is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. The idea of people as a resource is linked to the concept of human capital i.e., the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in a population. Any production of goods and services requires the presence of the four factors of production, namely land, labour, physical capital and human capital. The knowledge and enterprise provided by the human capital puts together the other three factors to produce an output. Population becomes an asset instead of a liability when investments are made in the form of education, training and medical care.

The National Assembly, under the leadership of Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, had resolved to draft a Constitution for France which would effectively limit the powers of the monarch. These powers, instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were now separated and assigned to different political institutions - the legislature, executive and judiciary. The monarchy was retained, but the king did not enjoy absolute power and authority, as he did in the days of pre-revolution France. Therefore, through the new Constitution, the leadership of the Third Estate transformed France into a constitutional monarchy.

Rights are the reasonable claims of a person over other fellow beings, the society and the government. The claims should be such that they can be made available to others in an equal measure. Thus, a right comes with an obligation to respect other’s rights. When the socially recognised claims (rights) are written into law in a democracy, they are called democratic rights.

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.