Convergent plate boundary. 

A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other. If the two plates are of equal density, they usually push up against each other, forming a mountain chain. If they are of unequal density, one plate usually sinks beneath the other in a subduction zone.

There are six major controls; of the climate of a place:
(i) Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according, to latitude. As a result, air temperature' generally decreases from, the, equator towards the poles.
(ii) Altitude: As, one goes from, the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less, dense and temperature decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during summers.
(iii) Pressure and wind system: The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the place. Thus it influences the temperature arid rainfall' pattern.
(iv) Distance from the sea: The sea exerts moderating influence on climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known, continentality which means very hot during, summer and very cold during winters.
(v) Ocean Currents: Oceans along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas:. For-instance, any coastal area with warmish-cold'currents flowing past it, will' be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore:
(vi) Relief features: High. mountains act as a barrier for cold: or hot winds.. They. may, also cause precipitation, if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain, bearing winds. The leeward side of' the mountains remains, relatively dry.

The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Read the description given below:

• Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the north.
• As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the Himalayas.

Karl Marx was a communist who introduced the concept of socialism.
Karl Marx’s Theory:

• He felt that the industrial society belonged to the capitalists.
• Capitalists owned the capital invested in industries, but the profit was produced by workers.
• He believed that the condition of workers would never improve, as long as profit is taken by the capitalists.
• Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalists’ exploitation, workers had to form a socialist society where all property was socially controlled.
• This would be a communist society.

A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes simply because it has won an election. It has to respect some basic rules. In particular it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has gone through a series of consultation. Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each is accountable not but only to law to other independent officials.

Theory of plate tectonics lays down that the crust of the Earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. The movement of plates beneath the surface of the Earth creates tension resulting into folding, faulting and volcanic activities. 

The two main causes for rock displacement are as follows;
The main causes for rock displacement may be attributed mainly to movement of tectonic plates, weathering, erosion etc.
The movement of plates result in formation of stresses both in the rocks and within the plates like folding, faulting and volcanic activity.

The Central Highlands lies to the north of the Narmada river. It covers the major portion of the Malwa plateau. The rivers in this region flow from southwest to northeast; which indicates the slope of this region. It is wider in the west and narrower in the east. Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand mark the eastward extension of this plateau. The plateau further extends eastwards into the Chhotanagpur plateau.

The plate movements are classified into three types:

(i)    Some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundaries.

(ii)  Some plates move away from each other and form divergent boundary.

(iii) At times, they may also move horizontally past each other and form transform boundary.

(iv) When two plates come together, they are known as convergent plates. They are also known as constructive plates. When two plates move far away from each other, they are known as divergent plates. When two plates coming towards each other collide or burst pass, they are known as transform plate. The movement of plates causes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, formation of mountains, etc

India is a south west extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the west and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. The Deccan Plateau protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and East Asia and Southeast from the eastern coast.

Comparison of Indian Constitution with USA France Britain:

USA has the presidential form of government system as per their constitution whereas the France, Britain and India have the prime ministerial form of government system. France has adopted the semi presidential republic form of governance as a unit. The French model of secularism separates the state from religion. The state does not support religious activities but also not interfere in private religious practices. It a tough stand and prohibit any visible religious symbols in public space. Though the Indian Constitution is federal and foresees a dual polity (Centre and states), it provides for only a single citizenship, that is, the Indian citizenship. In many nations like USA, each person is not only a citizen of USA but also a citizen of the particular state to which he belongs.

Himalayan rivers get flooded due to the huge precipitation they get consistently and furthermore as a result of the melting of the snow on the mountains which makes them flood and cause floods. 
The Himalayan mountain range comprehensively incorporates the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram, and other little mountain goes that branch out from the Pamir Knot. Himalayan rivers are acclaimed everywhere throughout the world for their picturesque wonders and vacation spots situated on their banks.

The advantage of the flooding is that the flooding leads to deposition of silt in the plain or northern India and because of the this the fertility of the plains increases.

Secondary activities are those activities which involve the manufacturing of finished goods by processing the raw materials that are found in the nature. Examples:

 i. Manufacturing steel 

 ii. Weaving cloth 

 iii. Baking bread 

The king while trying to oppose the revolutionary proceedings of the third estate, closed the hall in order to prevent the session of the national Assembly. The angry members assembled on June 20, 1789,in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.

Here, they took the " Tennis Court Oath " Never to separate.... until the Constitution of the kingdom shall be established. They were led by the leaders like Mirabeau and Abbe sieyes . It is worth mentioning that Mirabeau belonged to a noble family. However, he wanted to do away with a society of feudal privilege. He delivered impressive speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles.

Similarly, Abbe Sieyes, who was originally a priest brought out a powerful pamphlet called ' what is the third estate '?

At last, the king had to give way and ordered the clergy and nobility to join the third estate. Consequently, the three estates formed a single chamber and thus the formation of the national Assembly was completed.

Undoubtedly, it was the first triumph of the people over the king . It marked the real beginning of the French revolution.

Radicals: They wanted a nation where the government should be elected by a majority of the population and some of them wanted women to participate in the same.

Conservatives: They were not ready for changes and wanted to discard the idea of changes. At one point they agreed to the upcoming changes but they wanted that at the same time the past should be respected. 

The Directory of the rule in France was a five-member commission which directed France from 1795 when it substituted the Public Safety committee. On 9 November 1799, it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Revolution of 18 Brumaire and substituted by the French Consulate.

The Directory was continuously at war with international alliances at various events including  Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia Britain, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire. It also added Belgium to their territory while Bonaparte captured a substantial part of Italy. The Directory instituted 196 short-lived sister democracies created after France, in Rome, Netherlands, and Switzerland.

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non-violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat and Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:

• No freedom to elect their rulers.
• People cant form organisation or organise protest against the rulers.
• No freedom of speech and expression.
• Don't have any say in government policies
• Civic rights are curtailed.

The dispersal of the Constituent Assembly effectively marked the end of the Russian Revolution of 1917; a brutal civil war would now decide the fate of Russia. ' Others include the civil war into their definition of revolution, ending their books in 1921. "On November 7, 1917, a coup d'état went down in history as the October Revolution. The interim government was toppled, the Soviets seized power, and Russia later terminated the Triple Entente military alliance with France and Britain. For Russia, it was effectively the end of the war. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union. Before the revolution, Russia was ruled by a powerful monarch called the Tsar. The Tsar had total power in Russia.

• All Questions are Compulsory.
• Question No. 1 to 4 carry one mark each. Question No. 5 and 10 carry three marks each. Question No. 11 and 12 carry five marks each.

1. Write down the easternmost longitude of India?
2. Write down the western most longitude of India?
3. Write down the northern most latitude of India?
4. Write down the southernmost latitude of India?
5. Name the southernmost point of India? Is it visible today?
6. Which is the most important latitude of the country? Give reason.
7. Which is most important Longitude of the country? Give reason.
8. Why is the difference between the duration of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in Kashmir?
9. Why countries of the world selected their own Standard Meridians?
10. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.On the same political map locate and label the following
    1. Southernmost Point of India
    2. Southernmost tip of Indian mainland
    3. Easternmost Meridian
       
11. The sun rises two hours earlier in eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Jaisalmer in the west but the watches show the same time. How does it happen?
12. The central location of India at the head of Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why?

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Multiple Cropping :

• It is a traditional method of farming.
• It includes growing more than one crop on a piece of land during the same year.
• This method involves using of traditional seeds that requires less irrigation, wooden tools and equipments, ancient machinery, etc.
• Thus, the productivity of this method tends to remain low.

Modern Farming :

• It is a modern method of farming.
• It includes growing of one crop on a single piece of land at one point of time.
• This method involves using of high yield varieties (HVY) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in large quantities, modern machinery, etc.
• Thus, the productivity of this method is high, however, it is not environment friendly.

Louis XVI:

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.

(ii)He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.

(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

 In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile. Lenin demanded three things and termed as ‘April Theses’.He wanted war to end, land to be transferred to the peasants and banks to be nationalised. He also emphasised on renaming the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party. 

Palampur is a well-developed village as it is connected to other nearby villages through well-developed systems of roads. The village has two primary schools and one high school. The village also has a primary health care centre and a private dispensary.

The regular supply of electricity ensures that the agricultural fields are well-irrigated. Further, the farmers of Palampur used high yield variety seeds which have enhanced agricultural production in recent years.