Aim of Production :-The aim of production is to produce the goods and services to generate wealth that we want for ourselves.There are four requirements needed for the production of goods and services which are land, labour, capital and Human Capital or Entrepreneur.

 In the 18th century, middle class was a social group who earned their wealth through an expanding overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woolen and silk textile. In addition to merchants and manufacturers it also included lawyers and administrative officials.
They were well educated and believed that
(i) no group in society should be privileged by birth.
(ii) a person's social position must depend on his merit.
(iii) a society must be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.
(iv) this idea was maintained by Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Secularism is the belief that no one should be discriminated on the basis of the religion he or she practises. Every citizen, irrespective of which religion he or she follows, is equal in the eyes of the laws and policies that govern the Nation.

Tithe and Taille were taxes levied by the French government. The differences between them are :

1. Tithe is one tenth part of something paid as a contribution to a religious organization or a compulsory tax to government. Taille was a direct land tax.
2. Tithe was levied on both noble and common man.. While Taille was levied on the French peasantry and non nobles in Ancient Regime France. The nobles and clergy were exempt from taille.
3. Tithe was calculated as one tenth part of something. Taille was imposed on each household based on how much land it held.

In 1791, the National Assembly completed drafting the Constitution.
The main objective of the constitution was to frontier the power of the monarchy.
Instead of being concentrated in single hands, these powers were divided to different institutions or bodies such as legislature, judiciary and execution. This change made France a constitutional monarchy.

A revolution is a fundamental change in power or organisational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time.

All the three processes are associates with the movement of the earth's crust

Folding --> The phenomenon where two tectonic plates of the earth converge is called folding. This causes a part of the earth to rise up.

Faulting --> The tension and compression associated with the plate tectonics that causes rocks to break apart is called faulting.

Volcanic Activity --> The opening in the earth's crust through which molten magma, gases, dust particles and other harmful materials arise is called volcanic activity.

Following points showcase the impact of the Green Revolution on agriculture in India:

1. It enabled Indian agriculture to make the transition from a subsistence based field to a commercial and market oriented industry.
2. It contributed to the development of intensive agricultural production system. It increased yields and enabled India to achieve self-sufficiency in terms of food grain production.
3. It enabled the adoption of new technology that created more employment opportunities in the agricultural sector.
4. It helped farmers to obtain increasing returns from agriculture by greater utilisation of agricultural inputs.
5. It increased rural prosperity to a great extent.

Merchants, lawyers, peasants etc who were categorised into the third estate were most benefited from the revolution. The first and second estate people were forced to relinquish power. As these people have lost all their privileges were disappointed with the outcome of the revolution.

Denmark's current Prime Minister is Mette Frederiksen representing the social democratic party Socialdemokratiet.

Ideas of having a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all were put forward by the French philosophers.
John Locke: Locke wrote, ‘Two Treatises of Government’. In this book, he criticised the divine and absolute rights of the rulers.
John Jacques Rousseau: Rousseau had written his viewpoints in his book, ‘The Social
Contract’. He had put forward the idea of formation of a government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.
Montesquieu: His ideas were proposed in his book, ‘The Spirit of the Laws’. According to him, there should be a division of power between the three important organs—the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
The ideas of these philosophers were discussed by common people in salons and coffee houses and inspired them to fight for their rights.

Samantas was a name given to big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the Indian subcontinent, by the existing kings of the seventh century. They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present in their courts and also provide them with military support.

Genocidal war means killing on large scale leading to the destruction of large sections of people. The following two methods were adopted for the extermination of Jews.

A. Passing them through gas chambers in various killing centres like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor.

B. They were kept in ghettos. Ghettos were sites of extreme poverty and misery. Jews had to surrender all their wealth before they entered the ghetto Soon after, some were brimming with hunger, starvation and disease due to poor hygiene.

Democracy better than any other form of government because: A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes.

Sikkim Tourism can be said to be the only source of revenue for the state of sikkim in india. The scenic natural beauty, blooming orchids, snow-peaked mountains, fast flowing hill- streams, and tall colorful Rhododendrons makes the state a exquisite place to visit. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the inhabitants of the state. The major crops of the state include rice, maize, tea, soybean, ginger, orange, pears, potato and tomato. For Sikkim, tourism is not only about boosting the economy of the state. It is also as important for building peace between communities and nations and a tool to promote and conserve our unique cultures, and also the environment.

Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview. According to this there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy. In this view blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were located at the lowest rung. They came to be regarded as an anti-race, the arch-enemies of the Aryans. All other coloured people were placed in between depending upon their external features. Hitler’s racism borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions. We should bear in mind that Darwin never advocated human intervention in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection. However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered peoples. The Nazi argument was simple: the strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish. The Aryan race was the finest. It had to retain its purity, become stronger and dominate the world. The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living space. He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement. This would enhance the area of the mother country, while enabling the settlers on new lands to retain an intimate link with the place of their origin. It would also enhance the material resources and power of the German nation. Hitler intended to extend German boundaries by moving eastwards, to concentrate all Germans geographically in one place. Poland became the laboratory for this experimentation

The main leaders of the Bolsheviks were Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin consolidated power and forced Trotsky out. Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family were executed by the Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of csarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Economically, widespread inflation and food shortages in Russia contributed to the revolution. Militarily, inadequate supplies, logistics, and weaponry led to heavy losses that the Russians suffered during World War I; this further weakened Russia's view of Nicholas II.

The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are:

• Himadri (Great or Inner Himalayas): It is the most continuous range. The northernmost range is called the Himadri. It consists of loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all the prominent peaks. It remains snow covered throughout the year, resulting into the formation of glaciers and some perennial rivers.
• Himachal (Lesser Himalayas):It lies to the south of Himadri and forms the most rugged mountain system. The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. Average height is between 3,700 to 4,500 metres. Some famous ranges are the Pir Panjal range, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat ranges. It has some famous valleys like Kullu, Kangra and Kashmir. They are known for their hill stations. The average width is 50 Km.
• Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas):This is the outermost range of the Himalayas. Its height varies between 900 and 1,100 metres. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated rock material, so these ranges are prone to earthquakes and landslides. These longitudinal valleys lying between lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks are called ‘Duns’ like Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patlin Dun, etc.