Island groups of Arabian Sea :
(i)This island group consists of about 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited.
(ii)The Lakshadweep islands are scattered between 8° to 12°N latitudes and 71° E to 74° E longitudes.
(iii)These are situated at the distance of 280 km to 480 km. off the Kerala coast.
(iv)The entire island group is built of coral deposits.
(v)Minicoy is the largest island of 453 sq. km. area.
Island groups of Bay of Bengal :
(i)This island group consists of about 572 islands.
(ii)These are situated between 6° to 14° N latitudes and 92° E to 94°E longitudes.
(iii)It is divided into Andaman and Nicobar islands.
(iv)These are separated by 10 degree Channel.
(v)These islands are an elevated portion of sub-marine mountains and some are volcanic in origin.

The steps taken by the Bolsheviks to make Russia a socialist society were: (i) The Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalised. They permitted peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialised. The Bolsheviks used confiscated land to demonstrate what collective work could be. (ii)A process of centralised planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five-year period. On this basis they made the Five Year Plans. The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two `plans'-1927-1932 and 1933-1938. Centralised planning led to economic growth. Industrial production increased. New factory cities came into being. (iii)An extended schooling system was developed and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities. Cheap public health care was provided. Model living quarters were set up for workers.

Active citizens were those who paid taxes and were entitled to vote

Active Citizens: Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens. Only they had the right to vote. Passive Citizens: Whereas, the remaining men as well as all the women of France who were not entitled to vote were called Passive Citizens.

Citizenship during the French Revolution During the French Revolution, a distinction was made for a time between active and passive citizens. In 1791, the Legislative Assembly was chosen by a process of indirect election; the Electors of the Assembly were themselves elected by "active" citizens, male citizens whose annual taxes equalled the local wages paid for three days of labour. This disenfranchised about half of the male citizens of France. Even higher economic requirements for the Electors and the members of the Assembly left only about 50,000 eligible men in a country of some 25 million people. Active citizens are citizens who are literate and have knowledge about the law. They have a continuous income and consist of the right to vote. Passive citizens are citizens who are illiterate and have no knowledge about law and government. They don't have jobs but they are under the protection of government. They don't have the right

Active Citizens: Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens. Only they had the right to vote.
Passive Citizens: Whereas, the remaining men as well as all the women of France who were not entitled to vote were called Passive Citizens.

The National Assembly, under the leadership of Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, had resolved to draft a Constitution for France which would effectively limit the powers of the monarch. These powers, instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were now separated and assigned to different political institutions - the legislature, executive and judiciary. The monarchy was retained, but the king did not enjoy absolute power and authority, as he did in the days of pre-revolution France. Therefore, through the new Constitution, the leadership of the Third Estate transformed France into a constitutional monarchy.

The National Assembly, under the leadership of Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, had resolved to draft a Constitution for France which would effectively limit the powers of the monarch. These powers, instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were now separated and assigned to different political institutions - the legislature, executive and judiciary. The monarchy was retained, but the king did not enjoy absolute power and authority, as he did in the days of pre-revolution France. Therefore, through the new Constitution, the leadership of the Third Estate transformed France into a constitutional monarchy.

Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by people.

Democracy: Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by people.

Aristotle: <i>Rule by many is called democracy, rule by a few is called aristocracy, and rule by an individual is called autocracy.</i>

Democracy is a form of government in which people get the right to elect the governing legislature. This term first appeared in 5th century to define the government system in Greek city-states.

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The aparthaid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk government. These negotiations took place between the governing National Party, the African National Congress, and a wide variety of other political organisations.

Anamudi is the highest peak in the Western Ghats in India, having an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft). Anamudi is also the highest point in South India.

2565

Human capital formation is the process of transforming the people in a country into workers who are capable of producing goods and services. During this process, relatively unskilled individuals are given the tools they need to contribute to the economy.

Human capital is a measure of the skills, education, capacity and attributes of labour which influence their productive capacity and earning potential.

1 .Land 2.Labour 3. Capital 4.Human Capital

1) Land. 2) Labour. 3) Capital 4) Human capital

1)land 2) labour 3)capital 4)human capital

1) land 2) labour 3) capital 4) human capital

Liberals were one of the groups which wanted to bring about a change in the society.

The objectives set by liberals to change the society were that:

• They wanted a society which tolerated all religions.

• They opposed the unrestrained power of monarch.

• They wanted to protect individual’s rights against the governments.

• They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.

• They wanted the right to vote to be given to only to men

Liberals are those who need a different system of ruler ship other than the existent one. Explanation: Liberals are a direct opposite of conservatives who on their hand need to continue with the old ruler ship system. The economic views of the liberals are: Low taxes,small governments less regulations The free market This they believe is the right order that should be, more powers should be concentrated on the citizens themselves and not the government.

India lies largely on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent Physical divisions, are marked by natural configuration. India may be divided broadly into five physical units -The Great Mountains of the north; The north Indian plain; The Peninsular Plateau; The coastal plains; The Islands.

The Purvanchal Range or Eastern Mountains are a sub-mountain range of Himalaya, covering an area of about 94,800 km2 with a population of over four million incorporates Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram Hills and Chachar Districts along with a fifth of Haflong tahsil of Assam State and District of Tripa and part of Lohit in Arunachal Pradesh. “Purvanchal” as the name itself suggests, it is the eastern frontier region of India being surrounded by Bangladesh in the south-west, Myanmar in the south-east and china in the north-east.  Its north-western limit, for a major part, follows the boundaries of Meghalaya and the Mikir hills region, Assam valley, the Eastern Himalaya and the plain areas of Tripura and Cachar are the continuation of the Surma valley.

Estates-General, also called States General, French États-Généraux, in France of the pre-Revolutionmonarchy, the representative assembly of the three “estates,” or orders of the realm: the clergy (First Estate) and nobility (Second Estate)—which were privileged minorities—and the Third Estate, which represented the majority of the people.

Estates general means that there are three estates: 1. Clurgy 2. Nobles 3.Buisness man,workers,labours,etc.

Renewable Energy Source Solar energy from the sun. Wind energy. Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth. Hydropower from flowing water. Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, current energy and ocean thermal energy. Biomass from plants

1) ELECTRICAL ENERGY-HYDRO POWER DAM,MOTOR

2) LIGHT ENERGY-SUN,ANY LUMINOUS SOURCE

3) SOUND ENERGY-MICROPHONE,SOUND BOX

4) WIND ENERGY-WINDMILL

5) CHEMICAL ENERGY-BATTERY

The Great Himalayas or Greater Himalayas is the highest mountain range of the Himalayan Range System, part of the Alpide belt. This range is separated from Trans Himalaya mountain ranges by the Main Central Thrust Fault, which lies north of it.

The Great or Inner Himalayas:

This is the northernmost range and is also known as ‘Himadri’. This is the most continuous range. It contains the loftiest peaks. The average height of peaks in this range is 6,000 metres. All the prominent Himalayan peaks are in this range. The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature and the core of this part is composed of granite. Because of the lofty heights, the peaks of this range are perennially snow-bound.

Tax levied by the colonial government on the pastroalists was known as grazing tax.The pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.

In order to increase its revenue, the British introduced the Grazing Act. Pastoralists had to pay a tax on every animal they grazed in pastures. In course of time, the collection system was made very efficient. The right to collect taxes was auctioned out to contractor who tried to extract a tax as high as possible in order to earn profit. By the 1880's the government began to collect taxes directly from the Pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass. To enter a grazing area, the pass had to be shown and the tax paid.

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

Indian as one of oldest civilizaation in the world, such as:-hadppa civilization and mohanjodhdo was indicate this condition.Yet, British said that India has poor civilization.

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis 16

Marie Antoinette

Marie antoinette

Chapter 2

Which chapter?

Causes of the French Revolution 1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. 3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion. 4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie 5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI 6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

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MOVEMENT: They are large sometimes informal, grouping of individuals or organization which focus on specific political or social issues. A movement is organised by certain group of people to transfer their ideas from one part of society to another a movement has no bloodshed it is executed peacefully the motto of any movement is to follow an ideology. For example non -cooperation movement of Ghandhi in india during british rule.

 REVOLUTION:It is a successful attempt by a large group of people to change the political system of their country by force. A revolution aims at total change of current government, it includes a lot of bloodshed, do not have any ideology, directly targets its aim and include almost the whole of society, for example Russian revolution of Lenin etc.

Capitalism:

In a capitalist economy, property and businesses are owned and controlled by individuals. The production and prices of goods and services are determined by how much demand they generate and how difficult they are to produce. Theoretically, this dynamic drives companies to make the best products they can for as cheaply as they can; capitalism is intended to drive business owners to find more efficient ways of producing quality goods. For consumers, this dynamic is intended to create a system wherein they have the freedom to choose the best and cheapest products.

Socialism

In a socialist economy, the state owns and controls the major means of production. In some socialist economic models, worker cooperatives own and operate the primary means of production. A worker cooperative is a firm that is owned and self-managed by its workers. Other socialist economic models allow individual ownership of enterprise and property, albeit with higher taxes and a higher degree of government controls.

 

 

 

Powers and functions of the Election Commission of India are

•  The Election Commission announces the date of elections.
•   Its biggest function and responsibility is to conduct free and fair elections.
• It implements the Code of Conduct few days before and during polling. It can punish any candidate who violates the code of conduct.
• The Election Commission during election period may instruct the government to follow certain guidelines and ensure that the ruling party does not misuse the governmental powers.
• During elections, every government employees works under the control of the Election Commission and not the government. 

Thanks but ALSO give the answer of explain the term 2)black hand ?

Imperialism is territorial control of a region or a country by another country by using military control. Impact of imperialism were:

• Establishment of markets for European nations
• Vast colonial markets led to begining of the Industrial Revolution
• Cruel treatment of natives
• Economic exploitation of colonies
• Western nations built their economies and became prosperous at the cost of the colonies.