Multiple Cropping:

• It is a traditional method of farming.
• It includes growing more than one crop on a piece of land during the same year.
• This method involves using of traditional seeds that requires less irrigation, wooden tools and equipments, ancient machinery, etc.
• Thus, the productivity of this method tends to remain low.

Modern Farming:

• It is a modern method of farming.
• It includes growing of one crop on a single piece of land at one point of time.
• This method
• involves using of high yield varieties (HVY) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in large quantities, modern machinery, etc.
• Thus, the productivity of this method is high, however, it is not environment friendly.

Advantages -
1.competition will benefit for the citizen.
2.citizen can choosetheir laeder who will crete more economic growth.
3.this leads to the foundation of well developed society.

Disadventage-
1.misuse of govrement money by current govrement leaders.
2.small party who want to give for the society do not do any thing.
3.ultimately more copetitive leaders come in the power who do not give good work for the society.

• Germany was a monarchy before 1918. After she lost the First World War, the emperor abdicated the throne. 
• Thus, the parliamentary parties tried to establish a democratic government in Germany. 
• A National Assembly met at Weimar and tried to establish a democratic constitution with a federal structure. 
• Deputies now began to be elected to the German Parliament or Reichstag, on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults including women. This was the birth of the Weimar republic. 

Name of the poem and poet

Poverty is basically lack of basic needs Ex:- Sanitation, Food etc

Poverty means when people are unable to fulfill their basic needs. For eg if a person is unable to eat meal in a day he is a person with poverty

Poverty : Usually the levels of income and consumption are used to define poverty. In India, poverty can be defined as the lack of common things like food, clothing and shelter , safe drinking water, medical care  and education, which determine quality of life.

Poverty has both dimensions economical and social.

direct taxes and indirect taxes.

Direct taxes - tithe and taille Indirect taxes- they were levied on articles of every day consumption

Direct taxes and indirect taxes

Tithes was a tax in French government

direct taxes and indirect taxes.

Ye kya hai

Gand me land

Yes

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Correct

Hii

Hiii kese ho

Haa

• Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information, and right to education are . derived from the Fundamental Rights.
• Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
• Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression.
• Constitution provides many more rights, which may not be Fundamental Rights. For example, the right to property is not a Fundamental Right, but it is a constitutional right.
• Sometimes, the expansion takes place in what is called human rights. There are universal moral claims that may or may not have been recognised by law.

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The Preamble is an introductory statement in a Constitution which states the reasons and the guiding values of the Constitution.
Significance of the Preamble:

1. The terms sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic in the Preamble suggests the nature of the state.
2. The ideals of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity reflects the objectives of the Constitution.
3. It also contains November 26, 1949 as the date of adoption of the Indian Constitution.
4. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built.
5. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government.
6. The word ‘Republic’ in the Preamble indicates that India has an elected head, though indirectly elected, the Indian President is the choice of the people of India.
7. The Preamble secures to all citizens equality of States and opportunity in civic, political.

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1. The creation of States schools, schooling was not compulsory for all girls.

2. Their father could force them to marriage against their will.

3. Marriage was not made into a contract entered into freely and not registered under civil law.

4. Divorce was not be legal.

5. Women could not train for jobs

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Russian Revolution is a series of events which led to the abolition of monarchy and spread the idea of socialism in the contemporary world .
This Revolution had a global and mass effect as many changes occurred in the lives of common people .
Vladimir Lenin controlled the major parts of Russia after the October Revolution and implemented the April these , but afterwards he lost mass support .
Many other changes like collectivisation came up after Stalin took over the control on Russia .
Many socialist parties formed during the Revolution.
All of these things together led to the famous russian Revolution mainly in 1905 , 'February and October Revolution of 1917'.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The large network of membranous sheets and tubes is called endoplasmic reticulum.

They are filled with fluids and carries materials throughout the cell due to which it is also called transport system of the cell.

It transports materials between the regions of cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and nucleus.

It also provides a surface for some biochemical activities of cell.

It can be classified into two types:

• RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
• SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)

It is a complex network of membrane bound channels or flat sacs ,tubules etc.It is of two types RER and SER .The function of RER( Rough endoplasmic reticulum) is to synthesise lipids while the function of SER(Smooth endoplasmic reticulum) is to synthesise protein.ER is responsible for intracellular transport of substance.

A free and independent press has been theorized to be a key mechanism of a functioning, healthy democracy. ... An independent press "serves to increase political knowledge, participation and voter turnout", acting as an essential driver of civic participation. Free Press means free from government control, which in turn means a free market press. A free market press serves the interest of a free society→ because market competition will guarantee an open arena for the exchange and the disbursement of ideas.

(i) National parks, biosphere and wildlife sanctuaries : To protect the biodiversity, the Indian government has established 100 national parks, 515 sanctuaries and 17 biosphere reserves.
(ii) The Indian Wildlife Protection Act :
The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats. An all India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats and restricting trade in wildlife.
(iii) Projects for protecting specific animals : The central government has also announced several projects for protecting specific animals which were grately threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, the three types of crocodiles – the freshwater crocodile, the saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion and others.
(iv) Forest Policy : India is one of the few countries which has a forest policy since 1894. It was revised in 1952 and again in 1988. The main plank of the forest policy is protection, conservation and development of forests.
(v) Forest Research Institutes : Indian government has created many forest Research Institutes for the research, protection and development of the forests. IFS Dehradun is the oldest research institution of the country.

The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because - It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia. This helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the Eastern coast. The vast coastline and the natural harbors have benefited India in carrying out trade and commerce with its neighboring and distant countries. It has given India a distinct climate than the rest of the Asian Continent

The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because -

• It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia.
• This helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the Eastern coast.
•  The vast coastline and the natural harbors have benefited India in carrying out trade and commerce with its neighboring and distant countries.
• It has given India a distinct climate than the rest of the Asian Continent

You can make any disaster like 2013 uttarakhand floods or 2004 indian ocean tsunami or 2001 bhuj earthquake or 1999 odisha supercyclone

Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state. Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people. Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.

French Revolution occur bcuz of many causes like political causes, social causes, economical causes and role of philosophers...... hope this helps uhh?

1. Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
2. Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion <i>livres</i>. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
3. Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.

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(i) In the case of urban areas, educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many urban youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find jobs.  

 (ii) A study showed that unemployment of graduates and post graduates has increased faster than among matriculates.  

(iii) A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain categories coexists with shortage of manpower in others.   

(iv) There is unemployment among technically qualified persons on one hand, while there is dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.   

(v) So we can say that educated unemployment is indeed a peculiar problem of India.  

Yogita Ingle....your last answer to my question was very helpful to me?....please help me this time? 'coz I love your answers....❤️

Role of the Philosophers in the French Revolution

France in the 18^th century had many revolutionary thinkers. Among them were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Diderot. Their revolutionary ideas encouraged people to fight for their rights. They exposed the inefficiency of the monarch and his government and aroused the people to challenge authority.

Voltaire attacked the Catholic Church. He believed man's destiny was in his own hands and not in heaven. His ideas encouraged people to fight against the privileges, and dominance of the Church without guilt.

John Locke propounded the ideas refuting divinity and absolute rights of monarchs.

Montesquieu's philosophy outlined constitutional monarchy and division of powers. He believed all powers should not be concentrated in one person's hand.

Rousseau asserted the doctrine of democracy and popular sovereignty. He believed that government should be based on the consent of the governed. In his book Social Contract, he talks of a contract between the ruler and the ruled. Implied in his writings was the belief that men had the right to change their government, if they were not satisfied.

Thus the ideas of the philosophers were a direct attack on privileges and feudal rights which protected the upper classes. They helped rouse the people from inactivity and instilled in them a desire to root out social inequalities and set up a government responsive to their need. They played a vital role in focusing the discontent and bringing about the Revolution.

Karl Marx was a social thinker who believed in the principle of socialism. He argued that the industrialists and the capitalists who own the factors of production earn profits because of the hard work put in by the workers. The capitalists pocket the profits and do not share it among the workers. Marx advocated that the working class will remain poor and their condition will not improve until and unless the profits are shared by the industrialists.

He believed that the industrialists will not readily share their profits with the workers. The latter, thus, have to free themselves from the exploitation of the industrialists by establishing a radical socialist classless society where all industries and property are owned by the state.

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Western Jet Streams: The upper air westerly jet streams are extended up to 20°N-35°N (Nagpur, Raipur latitudes) due to equator-ward shift of upper air north polar whirl during northern winter (October to February). In the winter season, the upper air westerly jet streams are bifurcated into two branches due to physical obstruction of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India.

Eastern Jet Stream: The tropical easterly jet stream extends far to the north of Tibet. An easterly jet stream, called the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India, approximately over 14°N during the summer months. It is the main causative factor for determining the vigour of the summer monsoon in India. In Ealry June, the North eastern Indian states receive rainfall due to the effects of the easterly jet stream.

When a person, skilled or non-skilled, willing to work as per the going wage, does not get work, the person is said to be unemployed. This situation is termed as unemployment. Two types of unemployment found in rural areas are as follows : Disguised Unemployment This prevails in agricultural sector in rural India, where all the members of the family are engaged on a plot of land belonging to them. Everybody seems to be working on that land, but production does not suffer if some of the family members are removed from work. The surplus persons are disguisedly unemployed. Seasonal Unemployment It too prevails in agricultural sector in rural India. Labourers are busy during the period when sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing is done. Other than this period, labourers hardly get any work as villages lack infrastructure, construction activities or other sources of employment.

Unemployment exists when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs. It can be explained as below:
The workforce population includes people from 15 to 59 years. Therefore, if people below 15 years and above 59 years do not have a job, they cannot be called unemployed.
In India, unemployment can be categorised as in rural and urban areas. Further, rural unemployment includes seasonal and disguised unemployment and urban unemployment includes educated unemployment.

no important questions dear, just go through the last year's questions

With the growing demand for rubber in the mid-nineteenth century, the Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high ground and cultivated manioc, began to collect latex from wild rubber trees for supplying to traders. Gradually, they descended to live in trading posts and became completely dependent on traders.

Most small farmers borrow money for the requirement of capital. They borrow money from large farmers or traders that they supply various raw materials for cultivation of land or moneylenders within the village. These moneylenders charge a high rate of interest on the amount borrowed. On the other hand, medium and large farmers are able to manage the required capital with their own savings from farming.

The farmers use the surplus as capital for the next harvest. Small farmers such as Gobind’s son and Savita are poor and have little surplus wheat. They kept most of the share for their own family needs. Big farmers such as Tejpal Singh have a surplus and sell the surplus wheat in the market. A part of their earnings is saved in the bank and used for buying farm machines.