Organic soils are naturally rich in organic matter principally for climatic reasons. Although they contain more than 30 percent organic matter, it is precisely for this reason that they are not vital cropping soils. This soils bulletin concentrates on the organic matter dynamics of cropping soils. Manure is the organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant and animal waste. It is full of nutrients and it helps in improving the quality of soil.

Soils are the environment in which seeds grow. They provide heat, nutrients, and water that are available for use to nuture plants to maturity. These plants form together with other plants and organisms to create ecosystems. The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding.

James Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe. According to him, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated the social life of the Indians. To him, only British rule could civilise Indians by ruling over them and by introducing Western education, laws and institutions in India.

Thermosetting Plastics are polymer material or substances which are malleable at low temperature and became hard at higher temperature. Thermoplastic is used for making combs, toys, buckets, mugs, etc. Thermosetting Plastic: Some plastics do not get deformed on heating, and cannot be re-molded into a new shape. Such plastics are called thermosetting plastic. Bakelite and melamine are examples of thermosetting plastic.

Thermosetting plastic are the plastics that cannot be softened by heating once they are moulded.
So, comb thermosetting plastic

James Mill, a Scottish political philosopher and economist, divided Indian history on the basis of religion into three periods namely, Hindu, Muslim and British. According to James Mill India was backward and had unacceptable culture. With various superstitious beliefs prevailing in the country, the people were very arrogant. He further organized the country into three eras and stated that India grew or made changes only in terms of religious practices

Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular body. It has a magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is applied.

An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object in an orbit is called a satellite.

The Kingdom which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur and Jhansi.

लाख की चूड़ियाँ कामतानाथ की प्रसिद्ध कहानी हैजिसमें लेखक ने शहरीकरण और अद्योघोगिक विकास से गाँव के कुटीर उद्योगों की पीड़ा का वर्णन किया है। लेखक बचपन में गर्मियों की छुट्टियों में अपने मामा के घर जाया करता था।

Traditional farming and Modern farming differ from each other in a big way. Traditional farming adheres to the traditional methods of agriculture. On the other hand, modern farming experiments with the implementation of advanced technology in the field of agriculture. 

Traditional Irrigation Methods

These irrigation systems were used in earlier years. However, even today some small farms in rural areas adopt these. Although they are cheaper than modern methods, they are not as efficient. Because they need human or animal labour to function. Some of these systems are,

1. Moat

Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.

2. Chain pump

A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain. There are buckets attached to the chain. Further, one part of the chain dips into the water source. As the wheel turns, the bucket picks up water. The chain later lifts them to the upper wheel where the water gets deposited into a source. The empty bucket gets carried back down.

3. Dhekli

It is a process of drawing water from a well or such similar source. Here we tie a rope and bucket to a pole. At the other end, we tie a heavy stick or any other object as a counterbalance. And we use this pole to draw up water.

4. Rahat

Rahat uses animal labour. Above the well, we tie a large wheel. An ox or cow would turn the wheel to draw the water from the well.

Modern methods of irrigation includes the drip irrigation and the sprinkler.

1. Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation is the most used irrigation system these days. In the drip irrigation, we lay plastic pipes in rows near the crops or plants. These pipes have holes in them. The water seeps from these holes drop by drop, hence the name drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is one of the most efficient irrigation methods as it reduces water wastage in agriculture.

2. Sprinkler System

Sprinkler systems mimic the phenomenon of rain. In sprinkler systems, the pipes carry water to central locations on the farm. The sprinklers placed there, distribute the water across the fields. The sprinkler method is one of the most efficient irrigation methods to irrigate the uneven land for agriculture. In addition, sprinkler systems provide the best coverage regardless of the size of the farm.

A prime number is a positive integer having exactly two factors. If p is a prime, then it’s only factors are necessarily 1 and p itself. Any number which does not follow this is termed as composite numbers which means that they can be factored into other positive integers.

First Ten Prime Numbers

The first ten primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29.

1. Sovereign: It means that India is a free or independent country. It is not controlled by any foreign power and they are not allowed to interfere in any of the internal or external affairs of the country. This implies that it is free to formulate any of its domestic and foreign policies.
2. Democratic: This implies that political power is vested in the people. The people of India have the power to elect the government of their choice at all levels - Union, State and Local. Thus, our government is called a democratic government because it is a ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people’.
3. Republic: This means that our country has an elected Head of State, the President. He is elected directly or indirectly for a period of five years. However, such a Head has no hereditary right.
4. Socialist: This term was added in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies that the State will ensure an equitable distribution of wealth among its people. Proper measures would be taken to safeguard and protect the interests of the poorer and weaker sections of society. Also, it aims to provide equal opportunities to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.

The framing the Indian Constitution was not an easy task for the members of the Constituent Assembly. Difficulties faced by them during the writing of the Constitution were

1. India, being a diverse country, was inhabited by the people belonging to different religions, caste, class and sect. Thus, they had to frame a Constitution which can satisfy the aspirations of each section of society. This was not an easy task.

2. The people of India had emerged as free citizens after independence. It was, thus, important for the framers to incorporate all the rights and duties of the citizens of the country in the Constitution.

3. India had become independent after experiencing million of deaths during the partition of the country. It was a traumatic experience for the people.

4. At the time of independence, many princely states existed in India. According to the instrument of accession, these states could either join India or Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a tough and a difficult task.

The country was, thus, going through a difficult phase after independence. At that time, the future of the country did not look as secure as it looks today. The framers of the Constitution had anxieties about present and they had to frame the Constitution which can keep the country united and strong in the coming years. They also had to ensure that the democratic spirit of the Constitution is maintained.