Indigo cultivation was started by the French in St Dominique in the Caribbean islands. Similarly, the Portuguese began indigo cultivation in Brazil, the British in Jamaica and the Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations were also started in many parts of North America. The District of Tindivanam in Tamil Nadu is ideal for growing indigo, as the climate is hot and humid, and indigo dye grown in this district has a reputation for superior quality. The indigo dye year starts in January, when seeds of Indigofera tinctoria are sown by hand in rich soil.

As bronze metal is harder and more malleable in nature it is used to make statues.It also has the property of ductility and can easily be shaped into a statue.Therefore,bronze is used for making statues than copper.

• It was presented in the official records of the British administration. The British government kept important written records for the valuable sources of information.  
• They kept written records about meeting, investigation and Plan. They kept each records in important administrative places.  
• They also built museums as well as archives for the preservation of the information.  
• Historians who want to know about the British administration usually takes the notes from the record data.

Queen Elizabeth I was the ruler of England in 1600.

The reasons for iron is not used in making electrical wires are as follows:

1.    Iron is very brittle in nature.

2.    It gets corroded when comes in contact with oxygen in nature.

3.    The resistivity of iron is large. Iron also has 5 1/2 times more resistance than the same size copper wire, so it will get 5 1/2 times hotter, and have 5 1/2 times more voltage          losses, when carrying the same current as the copper wire.

4.    Used as wire conductor will cause a lot of power waste, this will reduce the voltage of the power supply system, resulting in electrical appliances do not work .

5.    Compared with copper and aluminum, the iron is unstable and easily oxidized. After oxide (rust), its resistance is further increased, and it is easy to cause damage.

2x + 5 = 9

2x = 9 - 5 

2x = 4

 x= 4/2

x = 2

Soil can be conserved in the following ways:

Mulching:An uncovered piece of land is covered with straw or any other layer of organic matter. This method helps the soil to retain moisture.

Contour Barriers:Barriers along the contours are made by growing grass or by putting stones to help in preventing soil erosion.

Terrace Farming: It is the construction of terraces or flat steps on steep slopes. Terrace farming helps in reducing surface runoff water and prevents soil erosion.

Contour Ploughing:Land is ploughed parallel to the contour of a hillslope. This makes a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope.

Shelter Belts:Trees are planted in straight rows to check the movement of winds. It prevents soil erosion. 

Fossil fuels were formed from the buried remains of plants and tiny animals that lived hundereds of millions of years ago. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and propane all are formed by same process and hence known as fossil fuels.

The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to Indian citizens as follows: (i) right to equality, (ii) right to freedom, (iii) right against exploitation, (iv) right to freedom of religion, (v) cultural and educational rights, and (vi) right to constitutional remedies.

The problem with the periodisation of Indian history by James Mill is that he divided the Indian history into Hindu, Muslim and the British period. It has been argued by many historians that it is not correct to periodise the Indian history on the basis of religion of the rulers.

1. A democratic country needs a constitution because:

• A constitution puts down certain principles that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens, desire to live in.
• A Constitution tells us the fundamental nature of our society.
• A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.
• The constitution also spells out the ideals the citizens believe that their country should uphold.

2. Dr B.R Ambedkar is known as the 'father of the Constitution of India'.

In the 19th and the 20th centuries, tribals in many regions of India rose in rebellion. Birsa Munda was a tribal leader and a folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe, born in the mid-1870’s. He was impressed by the sermons of the missionaries.

Birsa also spent time under a well-known Vaishnav preacher, and, influenced by his teachings, started giving importance to purity and piety.

He started a movement to reform the Munda society. He went against the British, the missionaries, moneylenders, traders and Hindu landlords.

The spread of the Munda Movement worried the British, they arrested and jailed him for two years in 1895. After Birsa was freed in 1897, he continued with his movement. His followers attacked churches and police stations, and took over the properties of the landlords and the moneylenders.
The movement faded out with the death of Birsa in 1900.

The movement forced the British to bring in laws to protect the lands of the tribals. The tribals proved that they had the ability to protest against the colonial rule and the injustices being meted out to them.

5/1 and 8/1

5/1×3/3=15/3

8/1×3/3= 24/3

now rational number between 5/1 and 8/1 are

16/3, 17/3, 18/3, 19/3

European trading companies were attracted to India for following:
(a) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had huge market in Europe.
(b) Indian spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand.

2× = 15 + 22

2x = 37

x = 37/2

x = 18.5

The key features of the Indian Constitution are explained below:

(i)Federalism- Our Constitution has provided for a federal form of government. This means that we have government at the state level and at the centre. Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government. India is a large country with a vast number of communities living together in it. It was important to have another level of government in states so that decisions could be made for that particular area. While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues, subjects on national concern require that all of these states follow the laws of the central government. Under federalism, the states are agents of the federal government and they draw their authority from the Constitution.

(ii)Parliamentary form of Government - The different tiers of government consists of representatives who are elected by the people. The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult franchise for all citizens. This means that people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives. At the same time, every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can also contest in elections. These representatives are accountable to the people.

(iii)Separation of Powers - There are three organs of the state—the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of the state, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise different powers. In this way, each organ acts as a check on the other organs of the state and this establishes a balance of power between the three.

(iv)Fundamental Rights - Fundamental Rights are called the conscience of the Indian Constitution. These Rights protect against the absolute exercise of power by the state. The Constitution thus guarantees the rights of individuals against the state as well as against other individuals.

(v)Secularism - It is an important feature of our Constitution. A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.