Traditionally speaking, mercantilism is a national economic policy that is intended to maximise the trade of a nation and to maximise the accumulation of gold and silver

1) Surveys became important during the British rule because they believed that the knowledge of a country is necessary to administer that country.
2) Comprehensive surveys were performed to map the whole country in the 19th century.
3) Revenue surveys were done in villages to study the soil quality, landscape, local records, vegetation, wild life and cropping pattern.
4) Census assessments were also held every ten years from the end of the 19th century.
5) They revealed the details of the number of people in all the states of India, their religions, castes and profession. 

Resource: Anything which has some utility for us is called a resource. Some resources have economic value, while some do not. For example; milk has economic value, but a beautiful landscape has no economic value. But both are important because both satisfy some human needs.

Time and technology are two important factors which can change a substance into resources. For example; petroleum was not a resource before people learnt to use it.

Indian cotton and silk was in great demand in Europe. Indian spices were also in great demand. Goods could be bought at cheaper rates from India and could be sold at higher rates in Europe. This prospect attracted the European trading companies to India.

The Battle of Plassey was fought between the forces of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah and the English East India Company, led by Robert Clive. It was fought on 23 June 1757 at Plassey near Murshidabad. A major portion of the 50,000 strong army of the Nawab was controlled by Mir Jafar who was hand in gloves with the British. His men did not join the battle at a crucial time. As a result, the Nawab’s men suffered heavy casualties and he himself left the battlefield after the death of his commander Mir Madan.
The Battle of Plassey became famous as the first major victory for the British in Bengal because in this battle, the British had defeated the nawab of Bengal. This made the English the masters of Bengal. The revenues of Bengal not only helped them to organise their armies but also to finance wars with other Indian states.

i. Aspergillosis – It is a fungal disease in animals.

ii. Rust of wheat – It is caused by fungi. It is transmitted through air and seeds. It occurs in wheat plants.

Rule of law means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.

(i) The Battle of Plassey was fought between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah and Robert Clive in 1757.
(ii) After this battle company made Mir Jafar the puppet Nawab but the real administration was in the hands of Company.
(iii) The company could do fortification easily after the battle of Plassey.

Importance of Battle of Plassey:The victory of British East India company in the Battle of Plassey is one of the important landmark in India History. The Battle of Plassey revealed the utterly corrupt political situation in Bengal.Watson had himself stated this victory to be of extraordinary importance not only to the company but also to the British nation in general.
 Mir Jafar became a mere ‘puppet ruler’ and the power rested with the British. On every matter he depended on the English. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for beginning of their empire.

The British enjoyed the tax benefits, had to compete with no rival foreign merchants and began to use the revenue of Bengal for protecting their military and trade interest.

Mir Jafar gave 24 Parganas and one crore of rupees to the Company and valuable Siraj presents to the English officers including Clive.

It depleted the state exchequer. So much wealth was drained from Bengal that the economy was completely shattered. This is known as the Plassey Plunder. With the wealth of Bengal the British secured their business and political supremacy.