Unpopular and Controversial Laws:

1. Sometimes the Parliament passes laws that turn out to be very popular.
2. Sometimes a law can be constitutionally valid and legal, but it can continue to be unpopular and unacceptable to people because they feel that the intention behind it is unfair and harmful.
3. People might criticise this law, hold public meetings, write about it in newspaper, report to TV news channels etc.
4. In a democracy, citizens can express their unwillingness to accept repressive laws framed by the Parliament.
5. When a large member of people begin to feel that a wrong law has been passed, then there is pressure on the Parliament to change it.
6. If the law favours one group and disregards the other, it will be controversial and lead to conflict.
7. People who think that the law is not fair can approach the court to decide.
8. The court has the power to modify or cancel laws if it finds that they don’t adhere to the Constitution.
9. In India, role of citizens does not end with electing representatives, they also analyse the work done by MP’s and criticise their actions, if needed.Therefore, it is stated that people in a democratic country have the right to protest against the unjust laws.

The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies is important because of the following reasons:

1. It helps a country to function democratically.
2. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects people from any type of religious violence.
3. It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion. It gave people the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies is important because of the following reasons:

1. It helps a country to function democratically.
2. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects people from any type of religious violence.
3. It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion. It gave people the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

There are two types of natural resources. a) RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Resources which can be renewed in short time, or never get over are called Renewable resources. b)NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Resources which are not replenished quickly or may take thousands of years to get renewed are called Non-renewable resources.

Classification of natural resources on the basis of development and use:

1. Actual Resource: Resources whose quantity is known and which are being used at present are called actual resources, e.g. coal and petroleum.
2. Potential Resource: Resources whose entire quantity may not be known and which are not being used at present are called potential resources. Potential resources can be used in future once technology for that is properly developed. For example; uranium reserves in Ladakh.

Causes of soil erosion:

Due to human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining, etc.
Natural forces like wind, glacier and water leads to soil erosion.
The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels as ‘gullies’. The land becomes unfit for cultivation, this process is called gully erosion and the land is called bad land or ravines in the Chambal basin.
Sometimes, water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. It leads to the washing away of the top soil. This process is called sheet erosion.
Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, and is called wind erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.

Land is a very important resource to the man kind but day-by-day our land is getting degraded. Some of the measures that can be used or practiced to conserve our land resource are:
(a) Adopting to the scientific techniques.
(b) Land Reclamation.
(c) Regulated use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
(d) Afforestation.
(e) Check on Overgrazing.
(f) Control of Mining Activities.
(g) Proper irrigation facilities.
(h) Constructing retention walls in the mountain areas to stop landslides.

Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks. Weathering is a process of physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rocks and minerals near or at the surface of the earth. This physical and chemical decomposition is primarily done by wind, water, and climate. As a result of these processes, large rock pieces are converted into smaller particles .these small particles mix with humus (organic matter) and form soil. 
The basic components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water, and air. The typical soil consists of approximately 45% mineral, 5% organic matter, 20-30% water, and 20-30% air.

What are tesources

A soil profile is a vertical section through different layers of soil. Each layer has different texture, colour and chemical composition. These layers are termed horizons. The soil consists of three horizons: Horizon

A, Horizon B and Horizon C. The uppermost horizon (also known as topsoil) or A horizon is dark in colour because it is rich in humus and minerals. Humus makes the soil fertile. The next layer is B-horizon that has lesser amount of humus but more minerals. The third layer is C-horizon made of small lumps of rocks with cracks and crevices. The last layer is the bedrock which is hard and difficult to dig.

Some common methods of soil conservation are explained below:

(i)Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. It helps to retain soil moisture.

(11) Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches are made in front of the barriers to collect water.

(iii) Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss.

(iv)Terrace farming: These are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They

can reduce surface run-off and soil erosion.

(v)Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

All the living beings are connected and interreacted to each other

All living beings are interconnected and independent on each other for survival . This life supporting system is known as ecosystem .

All the living beings are inter - connected and independent on each other

The study of history is important because it allows one to make more sense of the current world. One can look at past economic and cultural trends and be able to offer reasonable predictions of what will happen next in today's world.

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The colour texture of soil is determined by  parent rock .

Soil properties such as thickness, grain distribution (texture), chemical composition, physical-mechanical, and hydrophysical features are directly determined by the parent rock.

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Illegal hunting of animals is called poaching. Poachers hunt the animals for selling their skin, horn, fur and hides. All valuable parts of these animals are used for various purposes and are sold at very high prices.

Uses for ornaments : The bones and other parts like trunks of elephants etc. are used to make ornaments.

Uses in medicines : The horns and bones of some animals like rhinoceros and tigers are used to prepare some traditional medicine specially in Asian countries.

For wall hanging and clothings : The skin, fur and hides are used for the clothing and wall hangings. 

1782

1782

1782

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*(1)The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests,grassland, tundra and 1)shrubs 2) herbs 3)scrubs 4)trees *(2)common property resource is also known as 1)industrial land 2)private land 3)community land 4)agricultural land. *(3)Vanamohatasava is celebrated to create awareness about A)conservation of forests B)conservation of minerals C)recycling of water D)preserving historical monuments *(4)Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes ? A)shelter belts B)mulching C)terrace cultivation *(5)Which among the following natural vegetations is most predominant in India?1)Tropical deciduous forest 2)Alpine forest 3)Thorny bushes 4)Mangrove forest *(6)Which one of the following is not a factor of soil formation?A)Time B)soil texture C)Organic matter *(7)Which of the following physical features are best suited for living ?A)plains and river valleys B)Deserts C)lakes and rivers D)Mountains *(8)Which of the following types of vegetation is common in fertile,level lands? A)Forest B)Grassland C)Mangroves D)cultivated crops *(9)Which of the following factors influences the types and distribution of natural vegetation? A)landforms B)soil C)climate D)all of these *(10)what is the percentage of usable water for human consumption? A)97 (B)12 (C)1(D)10

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A

Water availability per person in India is declining.

This statement is true. Though water is present in abundance, fresh water is a scarce resource. Water availability is a serious problem in many regions of the world. Due to the wastage of water, deforestation, and the pollution and depletion of fresh water reserves (such as rivers and ground water), the availability of water is fast declining.

Question 
Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation ?
Solution :
Temperature and rainfall are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation .

Explanation:

• The soil is one of the key elements of an ecosystem's sustainability as it is the vital natural medium for vegetation development.
• It can be described as the bottom layer of earth where crops develop, a typically ‘black or dark brown material’ composed of a combination of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.
• And human operations also effects for the soil formation.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle February, 1857. The cartridges were rumoured to have been made from cow and sow fat. A famous policy under his period was 'Doctrine of Lapse'. Under this, many states, like Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Jhansi, were captured by the British who expanded recklessly. Thus the political factors, i.e. expansionary policy of the British greatly contributed towards the revolt of 1857.

Techniques for improved soil conservation include crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage and planted windbreaks, affect both erosion and fertility. When plants die, they decay and become part of the soil.  Some of the methods that must be adopted for conserving soil are as follows: 1. Afforestation 2. Checking Overgrazing 3. Constructing Dams 4. Changing Agricultural Practices! Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Soil erosion has been continuing over, such a large part of India for such a long time that it has assumed alarming proportions.

Techniques for improved soil conservation include crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage and planted windbreaks, affect both erosion and fertility. When plants die, they decay and become part of the soil. 

Some of the methods that must be adopted for conserving soil are as follows: 1. Afforestation 2. Checking Overgrazing 3. Constructing Dams 4. Changing Agricultural Practices!

Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Soil erosion has been continuing over, such a large part of India for such a long time that it has assumed alarming proportions.

James Rennell produced the first Indian map.Robert Clive had asked him to do so because he thought that to control a large territory like India they should know how does the country look like and how much area is occupied by it.     

 Using resources carefully, judicially and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation.

Aurangzeb died in 1707

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The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb died on the year 1707.

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The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb died in the year 1707.

The rise of nationalism in Europe initiated with the Spring of Nations in 1848. ... Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. The term ‘nationalism’ is similar to the term ‘patriotism’. However, we must know that there isn’t one rigid meaning of nationalism. We shall look at this very interesting topic by reading about the rise of nationalism in Europe. 

What is your question ?

fundamental

Fundemental

A Constitution tells us what the fundamental nature of our society is.

The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The constitution is an instrument of control, as it helps a government to control the governed and assists the government to control itself. It helps in setting boundaries for the judiciary, legislature and the executive by separating powers of the three arms of government.

After the death of Aurangzeb, the Nawabs of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan, and Siraj Ud Daulah, one after another, refused to grant concessions to the Company. Mir Jafar served as the commander of Bengali forces under Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, but betrayed him during the Battle of Plassey and succeeded him after the British victory in 1757.