The National Education Policy was framed in 1986 and modified in 1992. More than three decades have passed since previous Policy. During this period significant changes have taken place in our country, society economy, and the world at large. It is in this context that the education sector needs to gear itself towards the demands of the 21st Century and the needs of the people and the country. Quality, innovation and research will be the pillars on which India will become a knowledge super power. Clearly, a new Education Policy is needed.

The aim of the new policy is the universalization of education from pre-school to secondary level with 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030.

- Through the open schooling system, the NEP 2020 will bring 2 crores out of school children back into the mainstream.

- The current 10+2 system in the school will be replaced by a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively. Under the school curriculum, this new system will bring an uncovered age group of 3 to 6 years. This is the age that has been recognised globally as the crucial stage for the development of mental faculties of a child. 

- As per the new policy, there will be 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre-schooling.

- The new policy emphasises on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy. There will be no rigid separation between academic streams, extracurricular, vocational streams in schools. From class 6, Vocational Education will start with internships.

- As per the New Education Policy teaching up to at least Grade 5 will be in mother tongue or regional language. No language will be imposed on any student.

- Assessment reforms with Holistic Progress Card (360 degree) and for achieving learning outcomes progress of the students will be tracked.

- NCTE in consultation with NCERT will formulate a new and comprehensive National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education, NCFTE 2021. The minimum degree of qualification for teaching will be 4-year integrated B.Ed. degree by 2030.

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LPG stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is a generic name that refers to a group of flammable hydrocarbon gasses like propane, butane, isobutane, etc. These gasses are liquefied by pressurization and commonly used as fuel.

The National Archives of India is the repository of non-current records of the Government of India and is holding them in trust for the use of administrators and scholars. It is an Attached Office of the Department of Culture under Ministry of Tourism & Culture. It was set up in March 1891 in Kolkata as the Imperial Record Department and subsequent to the transfer of the National Capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1911 it was shifted to its present building in New Delhi, in 1926.

Holt Mackenzie

The Mahalwari system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822. The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820.

 Usually- the newspaper reports are not biased. These reports explain the fact as it was. Most of the times, these do not try to manipulate the event. These represent the true story of the event with every detail. On the other hand, the official reports are usually biased. These are written as per the will of the senior officials. These reports may carry the biased view of the reporting police officer. Thus if the historians are based only on the police reports, they may become misguided.  

British discourage the import of indian textiles by passing the calico act , which banned the import of printed cotton cloth into England. This meant that the indian cloth tgat reached englandwas more expensive than the locally produced cloth. The demand for indian cloth decreased and the industry suffered in India.

legislature, the executive and the judiciary. 

The legislative organ of the state makes laws, the executive enforces them and the judiciary applied them to the specific cases arising out of the breach of law.

Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of republic India.
Jawaharlal Nehru was first prime minister of India 

Degradation: The process by which the productivity, usefulness and the bio diversity of the soil is lost due to deforestation, poor agricultural practises, land pollution and other human generated problems is degradation.​
The degradation of the wastes or other substances by the help of living organisms like bacteria is called biodegradation.    
Degradation also refers to the breakdown of the complex substances into respective constituents by external forces. 
Conservation: Conservation is the protection, preservation, management, or restoration of wildlife and natural resources such as forests and water in an area so that the abundance and distribution of species and communities provide for continued existence and normal ecological functioning, including adaptation and extinction. 
In-situ conservation - In order to conserve biodiversity better, some of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (with high degree of biodiversity and endemism) have been identified and are protected. In India, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks are built for this purpose.
Ex-situ conservation - The threatened species of plants and animals are taken out of their habitats and are kept in special settings as in zoological parks, botanical gardens, and wildlife parks.

Types of Minerals

On the basis of composition, minerals are classified into two main categories:

1. Metallic Minerals
2. Non-metallic minerals

Metallic Minerals: Minerals which contain metals in raw forms are called metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are further classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

1. Ferrous Minerals: Minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals, e.g. iron ore, manganese and chromite.
2. Non-ferrous Minerals: Minerals which do not contain iron are called non-ferrous minerals, e.g. bauxite, tin, copper, gold, etc.

Non-metallic Minerals: Minerals which do not contain metals are called non-metallic minerals, e.g. limestone, mica, coal, petroleum, etc.