Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.
(i)According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country.
(ii)Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated social life.
(iii)British rule, Mill felt, could civilise India.
(iv)To do this it was necessary to introduce European manners, arts, institutions and laws in India.
(v)Mill, in fact, suggested that the British should conquer all the territories in India to ensure the enlightenment and happiness of the Indian people. For India was not capable of progress without British help.

The battle happened at the place of palashi, Bengal on 23 June 1757. The war took place about 93 miles north of the Calcutta on the river of Hooghly. It was close to the place of Bengal capital at the time. The battle was held between East India Company of British and Siraj ud-Daulah who is the last Nawab of Bengal. The Nawab lost the battle against British forces after they captured the capital and the Nawab fled down on the battlefield. The battle almost took seven years to end.

  Aurangzeb was died in 3 March 1707.

The land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as Land use.

• Physical Factors determining the use of land- topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water.
• Human Factors that are human determinants of land use pattern- population and technology

The right to choose the religion without interference by the government.Freedom of Religion is guaranteed by the forst amendment to the Constitution

The Right to Freedom of Religion is guaranteed to all Indians by the Constitution under Articles 25 to 28

Righto to Freedom Religion: Religious freedom is provided to all citizens. Every person has the right to practise, profess and propagate the religion of their choice.

The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha. From the MPs who belong to her party, the Prime Minister selects ministers to work with her to implement decisions.

• House of People, where people who are qualified to vote can elect their representative by way of direct elections
• It continues for 5 years
• All bills originate in Lok Sabha mostly and after passing through Rajya Sabha, they are returned for Lok Sabha approval. It plays a major role in legislation.

1. Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. This means that all persons shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It also states that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste or ***. Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops etc. The State cannot discriminate against anyone in matters of employment. But there are exceptions to this that you will read about later in this book. The practice of untouchability has also been abolished.
2. Right to Freedom: This includes the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to form associations, the right to move freely and reside in any part of the country, and the right to practise any profession, occupation or business.
3. Right against Exploitation: The Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labour, and children working under 14 years of age.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion: Religious freedom is provided to all citizens. Every person has the right to practise, profess and propagate the religion of their choice.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights: The Constitution states that all minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This allows citizens to move the court if they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State.
7. Secularism: A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

Sovereign- It means people have the supreme right to take decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.

The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies is important because of the following reasons:

1. It helps a country to function democratically.
2. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects people from any type of religious violence.
3. It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion. It gave people the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

For administrative purposes, the British divided colonial India into three Presidencies, which in turn led to the rise in the importance of the Presidency cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. These cities became the centres of  British power in power in the different regions of India. New factories came up, trade developed.
At the same time that these cities were expanding, the towns and cities that manufactured specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Old trading centres and ports could not survive when the flow of trade moved to new centres. Similarly, earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged. This process is described as de-urbanisation.

Question Hour is the first hour of a sitting session of India's Lok Sabha devoted to questions that Members of Parliament raise about any aspect of administrative activity. The concerned Minister is obliged to answer to the Parliament, either orally or in writing, depending on the type of question raised. Questions are one of the ways Parliament can hold the Executive accountable.

The question hour is an important mechanism through which MPs can elicit information about the working of the government.

 (Article 19): Right to Freedom 

The Right to Freedom guarantees to the citizens of India six Fundamental Freedoms: 1) Freedom of Speech and Expression, 2) Freedom of Assembly, 3) Freedom to form associations, 4) Freedom of Movement, 5) Freedom to reside and to settle, and 6) Freedom of profession, occupation, trade, or business.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.

<a href="https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&sxsrf=ALeKk00kShv3Zw5FaOKj8Z9oy7JgsU-88g:1597143926313&q=Narendra+Modi&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MLI0KzR6xGjCLfDyxz1hKe1Ja05eY1Tl4grOyC93zSvJLKkUEudig7J4pbi5ELp4FrHy-iUWpealFCUq-OanZAIArYSB11QAAAA">Narendra Modi</a>

Since 2014

Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. 

A democratic country needs a Constitution, because the Constitution serves several purposes. First, it lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire or live in. Or, put another way, a Constitution tells us what the fundamental nature of our society is. A country is usually made up of different communities of people who share certain beliefs but may not necessarily agree on all issues. A Constitution help serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed. This includes not only, the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold.  

1. संसाधन :- पर्यावरण में उपसिथत प्रत्येक वह जो हमारी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करती है संसाधन कहलाते है |

2. मानव संसाधन :-  मानव भी एक संसाधन है क्योंकि मानव संव्य संसाधनों का महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है | मानव पर्यावरण में उपसिथत वस्तुओं को संसाधान में परिर्वतित करते है जौर उन्हें प्रयोग करते है |

3. संसाधनों का वर्गाकरण :- संसाधनों का वर्गाकरण के प्रकार से के गए है

(1) उत्पति के आधार पर :- जैव और अजैव |

(2) समाप्यता के आधार पर :- नवीकरण योग्य और अनवीकरण योग्य |  

(3) स्वामित्व के आधार पर :- व्यकितगत , समुदायिक , . राष्ट्रीय और अतंराष्ट्रीय |

(4) विकास के स्तर के आधार पर संभावी , विक्सित , भंडार और संचित कोष |

History is about finding out how things were in the past and how things have changed .
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs

A democratic country needs a Constitution because:

•  It lays out the important guidelines that govern decision making within the various societies of the country.
•  It lays down the ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that its citizens aspire to live in.
•  It serves as an asset of rules and principles as the basis by which the country has to be governed.
•  It provides rules to safeguard the interests of minorities and prevent any kind of domination by the majority on minorities.
•  It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by any politician leader.
•  It also provides rights to its citizens and protects their freedom.

How important are dates:

“History is certainly about changes that occur over time”.

1. History is synonymous with dates.
2. We compare the past with present.
3. We continue to associate history with a string of dates.
4. We study dates to find out the sequence of events and significance of events.

Which Dates:

1. Selection of date depends on the story of past.
2. Focusing on a particular set of events is important.
3. By studing the dates reasons and consequences of events are understood in better way.

How do we Periodise:

1. James Mill divided the Indian history into three periods: Hindu, Muslim and British.
2. According to  Mill, Only British rules, culture and laws could make indians civilised.
3. There are significant sources to study the periods of events and by studing different historical evidences a string of time periods can be formed.

What is colonial:

1. When the subjugation of one country by another country leads to change in social, culture, economic and political sphere,it leads to colonisation.
2. British rule brought about changes in values and tastes, customs and practices.

How do we know Administration:

1. One important source is the official records of the British administration.
2. The British felt all important documents and letters needed to be preserved.
3. Specialized institutions like archieves and museums were established to preserve important records.
4. Administrative source only  represents half of the picture as they all were written and maintained by British officials.
5. Several other sources studied together give a better picture of administration.

Sources of Information:

1. official records, letters, memos, surveys, newspapers, magazines, autobiographies, reports, experiences of travellers, novels and poems are some important sources of information of British rule and atrocities.
2. The practice of surveying became commone under colonial administration.’
3. Surveys like botanical zoological, archaeological, anthropological and forest survesys were in the list of British administration.
4. Sources kept and written by both Indians and British studied together represents several aspects of British rule and their efforts to modernise or subjugate Indian population.

What do Official Records not Tell:

1. The official records do not tell about the needs of people of India.
2. Many official records hide the truth and only show one aspect of the event.
3. The official records does not represent the fall outs of British administration and also do not represent the reactions and situation of indians of every sphere of society.