1. Some scholars who hold the opinion that the Permanent Settlement adversely affected the interests of the landlords, peasants and the company alike.
2. The Permanent Settlement brought about an adverse effect on the Zamidars. Many of them could not realize or collect the land revenue from the tenants and consequently could not pay the money to the government in time as a result their lands were sold.
3. The Permanent Settlement adversely affected the income of the company as the revenue was fixed quite on the low side due to lack of proper measurement.
4. It hurt the national feeling of the people because this system created a special class of zamindars in the country who became the true devotees of the English.
5. It was really a great mistake on the part of Cornwallis that he deprived the majority of the cultivators of the right of ownership of land and made the landlords owners of the land.
6.The agreement of permanent Settlement Act only included the revenue earning but there was no mention of the use of the land. Thus to earn more money from the land, the Company officials and Zamindars insisted on planting Indigo and cotton rather than wheat and rice

7. This was the cause of many worst famines of the Bengal.

In order to get a stable revenue income, most of the East India Company’s officials believed that investment in land had to be encouraged and agriculture had to be improved. Debates on how this was to be done led to the introduction of the Permanent Settlement in 1793.

• The aim of this settlement was to ensure a regular flow of revenue for the Company.
•  As per the settlement, rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars.
• They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company.
• The amount to be paid was fixed permanently and it was not to be increased ever in the future.
• The Company believed that as the revenue amount was fixed, the zamindars would benefit by investing in land improvement, which would in turn lead to increased production.
•  If the zamindars failed to pay the revenue, which they usually did as the fixed revenue was very high, they lost their zamindari.

The Company becomes the Diwan
1) The Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal on 12 August, 1765.
2) The Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control.

Revenue for the Company
1) After becoming the Diwan, the Company aimed at increasing revenue as much as possible and buying silk cloth and fine cotton as cheaply as possible.
 2) In 5 years, the value of goods bought by the Company in Bengal doubled.  
3) Now, the cost of goods purchased for export was paid from the revenue collected in Bengal.
4) Bengal started facing deep economic crisis and artisans started deserting the villages.
5) Peasants were unable to pay their dues, production declined and agricultural cultivation collapsed.
6) In 1770, one-third of the population of Bengal was wiped out due to a terrible famine.

To rule whole country

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What was the plan of the company?

Someone help me with this answer

The East India Company became the Diwan of Bengal, on 12 August 1765. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. The Company needed to administer the land and organise its revenue resources. It needed to be done in a way that could yield enough revenue to meet the growing expenses of the company.

Revenue for the Company

The Company’s aim was to increase the revenue to buy fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible. Within a span of five years, the value of goods bought by the Company in Bengal doubled. The Company, before 1865, purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain. Now it was financed by the revenue collected in Bengal. Artisanal production was in decline, and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse. Then in 1770, a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal.

Chapter 3 history

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One of the most primary sources of modern Indian history is the official records of the British colonial administration in India. The culture of memos, notings and reports preserved by the British has come to be seen as an authentic source of Indian historiography. Preserved documents from village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats and the lawcourts – are also useful. These added to the records preserved in archives and museums are an important source material for history writing in India. Apart from the official records, there were diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular booklets, writings in newspaper and other print media.

One of the most primary sources of modern Indian history is the official records of the British colonial administration in India. The culture of memos, notings and reports preserved by the British has come to be seen as an authentic source of Indian historiography. Preserved documents from village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats and the lawcourts – are also useful. These added to the records preserved in archives and museums are an important source material for history writing in India.

Apart from the official records, there were diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular booklets, writings in newspaper and other print media.

In such a scenario, it was one braveheart who dared to rebel against the British – Mangal Pandey, the man who is often referred to as the first freedom fighter of India.

In such a scenario, it was one braveheart who dared to rebel against the British – Mangal Pandey, the man who is often referred to as the first freedom fighter of India.

Rule of law means that the laws apply equally to all irrespective of caste, religion, colour and gender IN BRIEF ANSWER HOPE YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD

The rule of law means is that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. Neither a government official nor a wealthy person nor even the President of the country is above the law. All persons in independent India are equal before the law

The rule of law refers to the supremacy of the law

On October 22-23, 1764, the decisive Battle of Buxar was fought. The belligerents were the East India Company on one side and combined forces of Mir Kasim, Shah Aalam II and Shuja-ud-Daula. The combined forces had 40000 soldiers and the British Forces had 18000 forces. The three separate allies could not coordinate in a better way and got defeated. The British won this Battle of Buxar under the command of Major Hector Munro. After this battle, Shah Aalam II submitted to the British. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula fled from the scene and took refuse to Rohilla. Mir Kasim also fled and died a few years later in extreme obscurity. Clive was in England when Battle of Buxar was fought and won by the British. In 1765, Clive returned styled Lord Clive as Governor General of Bengal for the second time. By this time, the British had shown their military supremacy in India for, the Battle of Buxar was tough contested bout, than the Battle of Plassey which was won by deceit. Battle of Buxar ended with Treaty of Allahabad. 

Charter..

Charter

The English East India Company was set up in 1600 when Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter giving the company sole rights in England to establish trade relations with the East. The Portuguese, Dutch and French were trading with India much before the British.

Charter

James Mill divided Indian history into Hindu. Muslim and Christian periods. This periodication is based on religious lines that there was a phase for which the Hindus were the rulers and other's were ruled. Then came the phase of the Muslims or Christians (i.e., Britishers). He had a colonial bent of mind and thought Asians to have poorly civilized. He thought Europeans to be superior. So in fact, through this periodisation he tried to divide the people with their own specific identity, which was not a truth. During the Muslim rule there were thousands of Hindu kings. The same was the case during the Christian period when India had thousands of local Hindu and Muslim princely states. In any case it was not proper to refer to any period of history as 'Hindu' or 'Muslim'. It was also improper to characterise an age only through the religion of the rulers of the time. Hence, Mill's periodisation of Indian history was not up to the mark.

James Mill divided Indian history into Hindu. Muslim and Christian periods. This periodication is based on religious lines that there was a phase for which the Hindus were the rulers and other's were ruled. Then came the phase of the Muslims or Christians (i.e., Britishers). He had a colonial bent of mind and thought Asians to have poorly civilized. He thought Europeans to be superior. So in fact, through this periodisation he tried to divide the people with their own specific identity, which was not a truth. During the Muslim rule there were thousands of Hindu kings. The same was the case during the Christian period when India had thousands of local Hindu and Muslim princely states. In any case it was not proper to refer to any period of history as 'Hindu' or 'Muslim'. It was also improper to characterise an age only through the religion of the rulers of the time. Hence, Mill's periodisation of Indian history was not up to the mark.  

James mill wrote a 3 volume books called British India and divided I din history into Hindu, Muslim and british

QUESTION State whether true or false: James Mill divided Indian history into three periods − Hindu, Muslim, Christian. SOLUTION False James Mill divided Indian history into three periods − Hindu, Muslim, British.

No , James mill divided the Indian history in three parts - Hindu , Muslim , British

QUESTION
State whether true or false:
James Mill divided Indian history into three periods − Hindu, Muslim, Christian.

SOLUTION
False 
James Mill divided Indian history into three periods − Hindu, Muslim, British.
 

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established rules according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is.

The trading centres set up by the European companies were known as factories. There were called factories not because anything was manufactured there but because the officials of the companies were called factors.

answer

Daulatabad

Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq transferred his capital from Delhi to Devagiri to have better administration over South India and forcibly moved the entire population to the new capital. But the capital shifted back to Delhi after two years because of the lack of water supply in Devagiri.

It is how we use the land in a helpful manner Ex: 1. Farming 2. Mining Etc

Primitive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence This type of farming is done on very small patches of land. The land holdings are comparatively bigger. Primitive tools like a hoe, dow, digging sticks are used for cultivation. Modern agricultural inputs like chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, machines are used wherever suitable This agriculture is dependent on rainfall and the natural fertility of the soil. Means of irrigation like tube wells, canals are used. Soil fertility is also increased by the use of fertilizers. Family members provide labour. Labourers are hired. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is high as it is meant for commercial purpose.

Primitive Subsistence	Intensive Subsistence
This type of farming is done on very small patches of land.	The land holdings are comparatively bigger.
Primitive tools like a hoe, dow, digging sticks are used for cultivation.	Modern agricultural inputs like chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, machines are used wherever suitable
This agriculture is dependent on rainfall and the natural fertility of the soil.	Means of irrigation like tube wells, canals are used. Soil fertility is also increased by the use of fertilizers.
Family members provide labour.	Labourers are hired.
Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low.	Land productivity in this type of agriculture is high as it is meant for commercial purpose.

India is a secular state. This means that the government is not concerned with the relation between citizens and God, and only with relation between citizens. Also, there is no official religion or state religion and all religions are considered the same. Each person in India has the right to profess, practice and propagate his/her religion. The government does not interfere in the affairs of religious institutions, and cannot apply any taxes on them for the running of the institutions.

• India is a secular state. This means that the government is not concerned with the relation between citizens and God, and only with relation between citizens. Also, there is no official religion or state religion and all religions are considered the same.
• Each person in India has the right to profess, practice and propagate his/her religion.
• The government does not interfere in the affairs of religious institutions, and cannot apply any taxes on them for the running of the institutions.

The Indian iron smelting industry had declined in the nineteenth century for the following reasons: (i) The new forest laws of the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Now it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting iron ore was also a big problem. Hence, many gave up their craft and looked for other jobs. (ii) In some areas the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income. (iii) By the late 19th century iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters.

The Indian iron smelting industry had declined in the nineteenth century for the following reasons:

(i) The new forest laws of the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Now it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting iron ore was also a big problem. Hence, many gave up their craft and looked for other jobs.

(ii) In some areas the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income.

(iii) By the late 19th century iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters.

Mercantile is a business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.

1. An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces within his territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance.
2. The ruler would accept a British Resident in his state.
3. An Indian ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not enter into any further alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
4. The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
5. In case of a conflict with any other state, he would agree the resolution decided upon by the British.
6. The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the paramount power in India.
7. In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.
8. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.

Marine-based Industries: When products from seas and oceans are used as raw materials, it is called marine-based industry, e.g. sea food industry.

Forest-based Industries: When forest produce are the raw materials, it is called forest-based industry, e.g. paper, furniture, pharmaceutical, safety matches, etc.

Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June 1757. It was fought between the East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-dhaula. East India Company got a decisive victory over the Nawab and his allies. The reason for the Battle of Plassey was that the servants of the company were indulged in abuse of dastaks in inland trade and not paying duty.

The Battle of Plassey was fought between the forces of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah and the English East India Company, led by Robert Clive. It was fought on 23 June 1757 at Plassey near Murshidabad. A major portion of the 50,000 strong army of the Nawab was controlled by Mir Jafar who was hand in gloves with the British. His men did not join the battle at a crucial time. As a result, the Nawab’s men suffered heavy casualties and he himself left the battlefield after the death of his commander Mir Madan. This was a major blow to the Nawab’s army which was, as a result, easily defeated by the British. Later, the Nawab himself was caught and killed, and Mir Jafar was instituted as the new Nawab of Bengal.

• Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June 1757. It was fought between the East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-dhaula.
• East India Company got a decisive victory over the Nawab and his allies. The reason for the Battle of Plassey was that the servants of the company were indulged in abuse of dastaks in inland trade and not paying duty.

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Hue is the last powerful leader of mughal ruler

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