Arbitrary law is a law which has been passed by the legislator to fulfil his motives or simply out of his will. Rowlatt act was a classic example of arbitrary law which allowed the British government to imprison anybody without trial. Another example of the arbitrariness that continued to exist as part of British law is the Sedition Act of 1870.

In today's world surveys are very important to introduce any kind of product in market. For example, a car company first takes the survey to get information about choice of people about features of cars then prepare its car according to peoples choices. Government find out about the young people in school by the age mentioned in documents. Historian can derive the information about ratio of young and older people at particular period of time.

This is home work

In today's world surveys are very important to introduce any kind of product in market. For example, a car company first takes the survey to get information about choice of people about features of cars then prepare its car according to peoples choices. Government find out about the young people in school by the age mentioned in documents. Historian can derive the information about ratio of young and older people at particular period of time.

Answer: question hour

First hour of every siting of the parliament is known as the question hour

Key Features of Permanent Settlement: Landlords or Zamindars were recognised as the owners of the land. They were given hereditary rights of succession of the lands under them. The amount to be paid by the landlords was fixed. It was agreed that this would not increase in future (permanent in nature). The fixed amount was 10/11th portion of the revenue for the government and 1/10th was for the Zamindar. The Zamindar also had to give the tenant a patta which described the area of the land given to him and the rent he had to pay the landlord. Zamindars being sons of the soil, it was thought that they could reach the far corners of the region and also understand local customs very well. Because of the permanent nature of the system, there was a sense of security for everyone. The company knew the amount it would get in revenue. The landlord also was assured of the amount. Finally, the farmers also, in lieu of the patta were certain of their holdings and knew how much rent was to be paid. Since the settlement was of a permanent nature, the Zamindars would have an interest in the improvement in the land thereby improving the revenue.

The main features of the permanent settlements are described below:

(i)The amount of revenue was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased ever in future.

(ii) It was felt that this would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s coffers and at the same time encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.

(iii) Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land.

(iv) Under this system revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organised by the Company.

(v) Even when the income of zamindars increased with the expansion of cultivation, the company had no chance of gain because it could not increase a revenue demand that had been fixed permanently.

Who are the four key players in the criminal justice system?
A n s w e r
The four key players are Police Public prosecutor Defence lawyer Judge

1. Police.
2. Public prosecutor.
3. Defence lawyer.
4. Judge.

A body is unclean, they say
Only the soul is untainted
But the impurity of the body
Is born within the body
?By which ritual does the body
become pure?
Not a creature has been born
except in a bloody womb.
This is the glory of God,
Defilement exists within.
The body is polluted from within,
Be sure of it says the Mahar Chokha

The above poem is written by Soyrabai

Quarrying: When minerals are simply dug out from near the surface, the process is called quarrying.

Plantations are a type of commercial farming where only a single crop (like tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton) is grown. Large amount of labour and capital are required. The produce is processed in the farm itself or nearby factories.

The two fundamental rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are:

1. Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of his or her socioeconomic background, caste, religion etc. Every person has equal right of access to all public places.
2. Right to Freedom: This includes the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to move freely, the right to form associations, the right to reside in any part of the country and the right to practise any kind of profession, occupation or business.

Petroleum, or crude oil, is harder to find and is typically a bit cleaner-burning — and, unlike coal, it can be pumped through pipelines and easily refined into fuels like gasoline or kerosene. Natural gas is also relatively inexpensive and less polluting than coal or crude oil. Petroleum (crude oil): Produces less CO2 emissions than coal during production. Scientists estimate that reserves may run out of oil in a century or two. Natural gas: The cleanest burning fossil fuel. ... Electricity generation with natural gas is very efficient and produces little waste.

The President of India can declare three types of emergencies—national, state and financial.
National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in whole of India or a part of its territory. In such emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizen can be suspended.
State emergency is declared by the President due to breakdown of constitutional machinery irt’a state.
When the financial stability or credibility of India is threatened, then the President of India may issue a proclamation of Financial emergency.

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically . feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. Examples, coal, water, air, minerals, etc.

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the ‘drain of wealth’ theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He put forward the idea that Britain was draining and bleeding India and that, too, for nothing.

The Caste system in India is mainly based on the division of labour. It is a hierarchical system which divides the society into four main castes.

The Brahmins or the priests occupy the top most position in the Indian caste system. They conduct prayers, yajnas and offer sacrifices.

The second position in the society is occupied by the Kshatriyas who are the warriors. Their main responsibility is to protect the society and nation.

The third position in the Indian society is occupied by the farmers, merchants and traders.

The shudras or the untouchables occupy the fourth and the lowest position in the caste system. They do all the menial work such as cleaning toilets, sewers etc. This section fo the society has been exploited since the ancient times. They were deprived of education and a good quality life.

Commercial Farming: This type of farming is done with sale as the main purpose. In this case, a very large area is cultivated and large amount of capital is utilised. Heavy machineries are used with less emphasis on manual labour. Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation.

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An FIR is a first information report which has to be filed whenever a cognisable offence takes place in a locality or an area.

It can be lodged in the following ways:

• The victim or witness should go to the nearest police station and file an FIR .
• The FIR must be hand written,signedand prepared in duplicate.
• The FIR should specify the place,date and time of the incident ,and describe the incident in detail.
• The police officer assigns a registrationand signs and give the informant his or her
• No police officer can refuse to register an FIR.

Computer. Paint

The Taj Mahal is located on the right bank of the Yamuna River in a vast Mughal garden that encompasses nearly 17 hectares, in the Agra District in Uttar Pradesh.

New Delhi ,Tilak Marg

Supremo court located in New Delhi tilak marg, mandi house

Supreme Court of India came into existence on 26th January, 1950 and is located on Tilak Marg, New Delhi

New Delhi

Supreme Court is at the top-level. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all other courts in India. It is located in New Delhi.

Two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue were:

• The revenue demand was fixed too high that could not be met by the peasants.
• Peasants being unable to pay the rent fled the countryside and the villages became deserted in many regions.

You have told about the end. I need the answer about the controversy.

The AnglicistOrientalist controversy was put to an end in 1835 when Lord Macaulay’s Minute a stated that the limited government resources were to be devoted to teach Western sciencesand literature through the medium of English alone.

Simplest definition of Eskimos is a member of a native people living in northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and eastern Siberia, and traditionally inhabiting by hunting seals and other Arctic animals and birds and also by fishing.
 

Brief Details on Important Recommendations of Kothari Commission (1964-66)

• Provision of Free and Compulsory Education – Recommended providing free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years.
• Languages – The Commission recommended adopting a three-language formula at state levels. It intended to promote a language of the Southern States in Hindi speaking states. It intended to promote Hindi, English and a regional language in non-Hindi speaking states.
• The Kothari Commission recommended promoting regional languages, Sanskrit as well as international languages, preferably English.
• The Kothari Commission recommended providing favourable and adequate service conditions for teachers and providing them with the necessary freedom to conduct and publish those findings.
• To promote social justice, the Kothari Commission focused on girls education, education of backward classes, education of tribal people, physically and mentally handicapped children.
• As Science and Maths are an integral part of the growth of any nation, the Kothari Commission recommended making Maths and Science an integral part of education.
• The Commission recommended reforms to improve education at University level by paying special attention to postgraduate level research, training, providing adequate libraries, laboratories and funds.

The main federal features of the Indian Constitution are as follows: 1. Written Constitution: ADVERTISEMENTS: The Indian Constitution is a written document containing 395 Articles and 12 schedules, and therefore, fulfils this basic requirement of a federal government. In fact, the Indian Constitution is the most elaborate Constitution of the world. 2.Supremacy of the Constitution: India’s Constitution is also supreme and not the hand-made of either the Centre or of the States. If for any reason any organ of the State dares to violate any provision of the Constitution, the courts of laws are there to ensure that dignity of the Constitution is upheld at all costs. 3.Rigid Constitution: The Indian Constitution is largely a rigid Constitution. All the provisions of the Constitution concerning Union-State relations can be amended only by the joint actions of the State Legislatures and the Union Parliament. Such provisions can be amended only if the amend­ment is passed by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting in the Parliament (which must also constitute the absolute majority of the total membership) and ratified by at least one-half of the States.

1) Federalism: It refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. These are at the state and at the central levels. Citizens are governed by laws & policies made by each of these levels of government.

2) Parliamentary Form of Government: The Constitution of Indian guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens. This means every citizen of the country irrespective of his/her social background have a direct role in electing their representatives.

Representatives are thus accountable to the people in a parliamentary form of government.

3) Separation of Powers: There are three organs of the State: (a) the Legislature (b) the Executive and (c) the Judiciary.

a)The legislature refers to our elected representative; those who makes laws.

b) The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and running the government.

c) The judiciary refers to the system of courts in the country; who settles disputes and makes sure that laws are obeyed.

Each organ acts as a check on the other organs ofthe State and this ensures the balance of power between all three.

4) Fundamental Rights:

(i) The Fundamental Rights are referred to as the ‘conscience’ of Indian Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the state.

(ii) The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals.

(iii) There are six Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution, which are: (i) Right to Equality; (ii) Right to Freedom; (iii) Right against Exploitation; (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion; (v) Cultural and Educational Rights; (vi) Right to Freedom of Religion; (iv) Right to Constitution Remedies.

(iv) In addition to Fundamental Rights, the Constitution has a section called Directive Principles of State Policy. It ensures greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to independent Indian state to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

5) Secularism

A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to, including the representatives that we elect to rule us.

a. India at the time of independence was confronted with may problems and challenges.
b.  Partition of the country brought about most tragic, abrupt transfer of population. 
c. The religious minorities became worst victims, , the country witnessed worst form of communal riots.,  The partition of the Country brought about the problem of religious minorities. The Constitution had to preserve their right and dignity which it did by providing equal rights and declaring India to be a secular state.
d. There was a problem of Princely states that surfaced after the Independence. The British had left the Princely rulers to decide their fate of merging either with Pakistan or India to them, which appeared to be the colossal task.
e. India also faced economic problems with country being reduced to abject poverty, facing famines, droughts
f. There was problem related to framing new constitution establishing democratic structure, institutions.
g. In Independent India.,even though our Constitution established formal equality by means of rights and equal opportunities, these principles have not been wholly implemented in reality.
 h. A lot needs to done to make these rights and principles a reality. For example, even though law does not discriminate anybody on the basis of caste, people belonging to lower caste are still discriminated and are treated unequally. 
i. Establishing equality, social economic democracy  in reality is a continuous struggles by the disadvantaged group,who have suffered in the past and today are the victims of people's attitude which needs to be change.
j. Caste based discrimination continues to haunt our society.
k. Wide disparities continue to exist between the rich and the poor. A large proportion of our population continues to remain below poverty line, for them survival is a struggle.
l. Like wise, even though principle of secularism form part of our constitution, communal riots in independent India raised misgivings about the secular status of  our country.