The drawback of Rutherford model is: 
It can't explain the stability of an atom. As per the model, the orbital revolution of electrons around the nucleus is not stable as the revolving electrons in orbits will undergo acceleration and emit energy. This will result in loss of energy of electrons and they will ultimately fall into the nucleus.
 

A lot of changes came in the world of visual arts during the British period in India. ·         Colonial rule introduced many new art forms, styles, materials and techniques which were creatively adapted by Indian artists for local patrons and markets, in both elite and popular circles. ·         A stream of European artist, who came to India from the 18th century, brought with them new styles and conventions of painting. The pictures that they produced shaped Western perceptions of India.

The French colonies in the Caribbean, in which some 80% of the total population had lived under the slave system since the seventeenth century, underwent a most unusual experience involving the initial abolition of slavery in 1794, its re-establishment in 1802 and then a second – and permanent – abolition in 1848.

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Records are important for their content and as evidence of communication, decisions, actions, and history. ... Records support quality program and services, inform decision making, and help meet organizational goals.

Legal Services Authorities

The term Lok Adalat means 'People's Court'. It was set up by Legal Services Authorities on the recommendation of Justice P. N Bhagwati. They were set up to provide legal aid to those people who were not in a position to hire or engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings

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Different reasons people had for not sending girls to school were as follows:

• They feared that schools would take girls away from home and prevent them from doing their domestic duties.
• Girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school. People believed that this would have a corrupting influence on them.
• They believed that girls should stay away from public spaces.

Many forests which supplied valuable timber were declared as reserved forests by the British. The tribals were not allowed to collect wood, fruits, hunt and practice shifting cultivation in these forests. This resulted in the loss of livelihood, poverty and hunger among the tribals. Many tribals moved out of the forests to other regions in search of work and to earn a livelihood. People who remained in the forests revolted against the unjust forest laws of the government.

Subsistence Farming: When farming is done to meet the needs of the farmer’s family, it is called subsistence farming. In subsistence farming, low levels of technology and household labour are generally utilised. Farming is done on smaller plots and output is also small. Subsistence farming can be further categorized as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

Intensive Subsistence Farming: In this type of farming, the farmer cultivates on a small plot of land. He uses simple tools and more labour. Places which have fertile soils and where the climate allows a large number of days with sunshine are suitable for this type of farming. In favourable climates, farmers are able to grow more than one crop in a year. Rice is the main crop in this type of farming. However, wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds are also grown. This type of farming is prevalent in densely populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia.

Agricultural Development refers to efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing demand of increasing population. This can be achieved in many ways such as: Increasing the cropped area. Multiple cropping (Number of crops grown in a year) Improving irrigation facilities.

(1) Maize:
• Requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine and also, needs well-drained fertile soils.

(2) Cotton:
• Cotton is a fiber crop grown in tropical areas. Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It grows best on black soil and requires at least 6 to 8 months.

Tea:
• Tea is a beverage crop.
• Tea plants grow well in tropical and sub-tropical climate. It requires warm and moist free climate and well distributed frequent showers throughout the year. It needs deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes, rich in humus and organic matter.
• Cheap and skilled labour is required in large number to pick the leaves. Tea is processed within the tea gardens to restore its freshness.
• India, Kenya, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world.
• India is the leading producer and exporter of tea. Assam, Darjeeling, West Bengal and Tripura are leading producers of tea in India.

Coffee:
• Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop.
• It requires warm & wet climate and well drained loamy soil.
• Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India.
• In India coffee is cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

(a) Rice:
• Rice is the major food crop of the world. It is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water.

(b) Wheat:
• It requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
• It requires well drained loamy soil for its growth.

Arbitrary law is a law which has been passed by the legislator to fulfil his motives or simply out of his will. Rowlatt act was a classic example of arbitrary law which allowed the British government to imprison anybody without trial. Another example of the arbitrariness that continued to exist as part of British law is the Sedition Act of 1870.

In today's world surveys are very important to introduce any kind of product in market. For example, a car company first takes the survey to get information about choice of people about features of cars then prepare its car according to peoples choices. Government find out about the young people in school by the age mentioned in documents. Historian can derive the information about ratio of young and older people at particular period of time.

This is home work

In today's world surveys are very important to introduce any kind of product in market. For example, a car company first takes the survey to get information about choice of people about features of cars then prepare its car according to peoples choices. Government find out about the young people in school by the age mentioned in documents. Historian can derive the information about ratio of young and older people at particular period of time.

Answer: question hour

First hour of every siting of the parliament is known as the question hour

Key Features of Permanent Settlement: Landlords or Zamindars were recognised as the owners of the land. They were given hereditary rights of succession of the lands under them. The amount to be paid by the landlords was fixed. It was agreed that this would not increase in future (permanent in nature). The fixed amount was 10/11th portion of the revenue for the government and 1/10th was for the Zamindar. The Zamindar also had to give the tenant a patta which described the area of the land given to him and the rent he had to pay the landlord. Zamindars being sons of the soil, it was thought that they could reach the far corners of the region and also understand local customs very well. Because of the permanent nature of the system, there was a sense of security for everyone. The company knew the amount it would get in revenue. The landlord also was assured of the amount. Finally, the farmers also, in lieu of the patta were certain of their holdings and knew how much rent was to be paid. Since the settlement was of a permanent nature, the Zamindars would have an interest in the improvement in the land thereby improving the revenue.

The main features of the permanent settlements are described below:

(i)The amount of revenue was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased ever in future.

(ii) It was felt that this would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s coffers and at the same time encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.

(iii) Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land.

(iv) Under this system revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organised by the Company.

(v) Even when the income of zamindars increased with the expansion of cultivation, the company had no chance of gain because it could not increase a revenue demand that had been fixed permanently.

Who are the four key players in the criminal justice system?
A n s w e r
The four key players are Police Public prosecutor Defence lawyer Judge

1. Police.
2. Public prosecutor.
3. Defence lawyer.
4. Judge.

A body is unclean, they say
Only the soul is untainted
But the impurity of the body
Is born within the body
?By which ritual does the body
become pure?
Not a creature has been born
except in a bloody womb.
This is the glory of God,
Defilement exists within.
The body is polluted from within,
Be sure of it says the Mahar Chokha

The above poem is written by Soyrabai

Quarrying: When minerals are simply dug out from near the surface, the process is called quarrying.

Plantations are a type of commercial farming where only a single crop (like tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton) is grown. Large amount of labour and capital are required. The produce is processed in the farm itself or nearby factories.

The two fundamental rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are:

1. Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of his or her socioeconomic background, caste, religion etc. Every person has equal right of access to all public places.
2. Right to Freedom: This includes the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to move freely, the right to form associations, the right to reside in any part of the country and the right to practise any kind of profession, occupation or business.

Petroleum, or crude oil, is harder to find and is typically a bit cleaner-burning — and, unlike coal, it can be pumped through pipelines and easily refined into fuels like gasoline or kerosene. Natural gas is also relatively inexpensive and less polluting than coal or crude oil. Petroleum (crude oil): Produces less CO2 emissions than coal during production. Scientists estimate that reserves may run out of oil in a century or two. Natural gas: The cleanest burning fossil fuel. ... Electricity generation with natural gas is very efficient and produces little waste.

The President of India can declare three types of emergencies—national, state and financial.
National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in whole of India or a part of its territory. In such emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizen can be suspended.
State emergency is declared by the President due to breakdown of constitutional machinery irt’a state.
When the financial stability or credibility of India is threatened, then the President of India may issue a proclamation of Financial emergency.

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically . feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. Examples, coal, water, air, minerals, etc.

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the ‘drain of wealth’ theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He put forward the idea that Britain was draining and bleeding India and that, too, for nothing.

The Caste system in India is mainly based on the division of labour. It is a hierarchical system which divides the society into four main castes.

The Brahmins or the priests occupy the top most position in the Indian caste system. They conduct prayers, yajnas and offer sacrifices.

The second position in the society is occupied by the Kshatriyas who are the warriors. Their main responsibility is to protect the society and nation.

The third position in the Indian society is occupied by the farmers, merchants and traders.

The shudras or the untouchables occupy the fourth and the lowest position in the caste system. They do all the menial work such as cleaning toilets, sewers etc. This section fo the society has been exploited since the ancient times. They were deprived of education and a good quality life.